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Transcript
Chapter 6 Part A Inventory of the Solar System 1. The Solar System ! Inventory of the Solar System ! Planetary Orbits, Spins Masses of Planets ! Densities of the Planets 2. Classes of Planets • • Sun Planets Terrestrial & Jovian • Moons • Over 162 ! Terrestrial, ! Jovian, ! Major Moons 3. Interplanetary Debris ! Asteroids, ! Comets, ! Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud There are eight "classical" planets (Mercury thru Neptune, including Earth but not Pluto). inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Dwarf Planets Planets, by the new IAU definition, must be in orbit around the sun, be nearly spherical, and must have cleared the neighborhood around their orbits. • Asteroids –Small, rocky, minor planets. Most are located in the asteroid belt. • Comets –Small, icy bodies--Dirty Snowballs. • Interplanetary gas and dust • Solar Winds Planets orbit essentially in the same plane (Ecliptic) Largest Orbital inclination are Mercury (7 degrees) and Pluto(17 degrees) Inner Planets Outer Planets Orbits Inner Planets Orbits counter-clockwise Orbits nearly circular Astronomical Unit (AU)= Earth-Sun Distance or 150 million km! 1.5 108 km .382 .723 1 1.524 AU 5.2 9.554 19.14 30.066 AU Obliquity Mercury 0.1° Venus 177.4° Earth 23.45° Mars 25.19° Rot Per (hrs) 1407.5 5832.5 23.9 24.6 Outer Planets Obliquity Rot Per (hrs Jupiter 3.12° 9.925 Saturn 26.73° 10.656 Uranus 97.86° 17.24 Neptune 29.56° 16.11 Pluto 119.6 153.29 "The spin axes of most planets and moons are perpendicular to the orbital plane (Exceptions: Venus,Uranus and Pluto). Sec 1 Mass of Planets (units of Earth Masses} Size of the planets Sun ~ 300,000 times mass of Earth Solar System Mass Sun 99.80% Jupiter 0.10% Comets 0.05% Other 8 planets 0.04% Total of Sun + Planets + Comets = 99.99% Sec 1 Density Density of Planets • Density measures the “type” of matter. Two distinct groups of planets classifying by composition(Density). Density = mass/volume (g/cm3) • For a planet: Terrestrial !5 – From the diameter you can calculate volume. – From the mass you can calculate the average density. Density of water = 1.0 g/cm3 ; Dwarf Density of silicate rock = 3.0 g/cm3 Density of iron = 7.8 g/cm3 Jovian !1 to 2 A denser object occupies less volume than an equal mass of some less dense substance Sec 1 Jovian Planets:Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Terrestrial Planets: Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jovian or gas planets: !composed primarily of hydrogen and helium ! have low densities, ! rapid rotation, !deep atmospheres, ! rings and lots of satellites Sec 2 ! small objects close to Sun !Rotation rate: Earth and Mars ~ 24 hrs, Mercury ~ 2 months, Venus ~ 8 months !Few moons: Earth - 1, Mars 2 Mercury and Venus - 0 ! solid surfaces that record their history in craters, mountains, and volcanoes. !High density: mostly rock and metal composition !Atmospheres: near vacuum to dense hot gas Major Moons Asteroid Belt Jupiter's four Galilean satellites are each roughly similar in size. They include volcanic Io and Europa with its believed subsurface ocean. Saturn has one large satellite Titan with its dense and organic-rich atmosphere together with numerous much smaller satellites. Comets “Dirty Snow Balls” Composed largely of ices--- water ice, ammonia ice, methane ice--mixed with dust Inhabit two distinct regions of space: Kuiper Belt and Oort cloud. • Relatively small, rocky objects that revolve around the Sun. – Much smaller than planets. – Largest known: Ceres • 940 km diameter (480 miles) • 1/10,000 mass of Earth • Most move in orbits between Mars and Jupiter. • remnants of objects that didn’t form a planets. Kuiper Belt Kuiper belt, an icy belt of comet-like bodies extending beyond Neptune's orbit (30-100 AU ). Kuiper belt Comets orbit in same direction as planets and in same general plane. End of Chapter 6a Oort cloud Extends to 1/3 of way to nearest star. Orbit at any inclination and direction. Go to Chapter 6b