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Indian Geography
India : General Introduction
Sindhu (Persian) becomes Hindu
Bharata Varsha (Legendry King Bharata, or Bharata tribe )
European =India
Location :
Latitude :
Longitude :
Northern Hemisphere, from 604’ to 37o6, N latitude
Eastern Hemisphere ,from 68 o 7 E to 97 o 225’ E.
Northern most point : Indira col (J&K)
Southern most point : Indira Point (Pygmalion point), Kanya Kumari (8o4’TN)
Shape Size :
N-S distance : 3214 Km
E-W distance : 2933 Km
Land frontier : 15,200 Km
Coastline
: 7516 Km, Excluding Islands (6100km)
Gujarat Longest line
Andhra Pradesh line.(Second longest)
UNCLOSS: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,1982
Territorial Sea
: 12 Nautical miles from the coastline.
Continguous Zone
:
24 Nautical miles from the coastline.
Exclusive Economic Zone : 200 Nautical Miles .
Tropic of cancer passes from the middle of India through 8 States :
Gujarat,Rajasthan,Madhra Pradesh,Chattisgarh,Jharkhand,West Bengal
,Tripura and Mizoram.
Standard Meridian : 82o30’ E (IST=+ 5:30 Hrs of GMT ),Mirzapur.
Administrative Composition : 29 states , 7 union territories
AreaWise : Rajasthan>MadhyaPradesh>Maharashtra>UttarPradesh
Goa is the smallest state.
Important facts :
Punducherry –situated in TN, Karaikal ,Yanam ,Mahe
Islands :
Andaman Nicobar Islands :
North Andaman ,Middle Andaman, South Andaman, Little Andaman
Car Nicobar ,Little Nicobar ,and great Nicobar.
Port Blair ,Capital situated in South Andaman
Indira Point ,the southernmost point of India is the southern point of Great Nicobar
Island .
Barren Island which is India’s only volcano is in the middle Andaman.
Narcondam Island is also a volcanic island.
10o Channel separates Andaman from Nicobar.
Duncan pass is between South Andaman and Little Andaman.
Coco Straight is between great Nicobar and Sumatara.
The Andaman & Nicobar islands are also known as the Emerald islands.
Lakshadweep islands : Coral islands .
Minicoy is the largest
8o Channel (80 N latitude) is between Minicoy and Maldives.
90 Chanel (9o N latitude) separates Minicoy from the main archipelago of
lakshadweep.
Palk straight is situated between TN and Srilanka .
The Adams Bridge is situated between and TN and Srilanka ,Pamban Island is part of
Adams Bridge.
Rameshwaram is situated on this island.
Palk bay is the north and Gulf of Mannar is to the south of Adams Bridge.
Frontiers of India : 17 states have a land border with neighboring countries.
Bangladesh
4096
5
WestBengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram
China
3488
5
Jammu&Kashmir,HimachalPradesh,Uttarakhad,Sik
kim,ArunachalPradesh
Pakistan
3323
4
Jammu &Kashmir ,Punjab ,Rajastan ,Gujarat
Nepal
1751
5
Uttarakhand, UttarPradesh, Bihar, WestBengal,
Sikkim
Myanmar
1643
4
Arunachal Pradesh , Nagaland,Manipur,Mizoram
Bhutan
699
4
Sikkim, WestBengal, Assam, ArunachalPradesh
Radcliff Line
: Border between India and Pakistan ,Bangladesh.
McMohan Line : China and India, decided in 1914.
Durand Line
: India and Afghanistan , Durand in 1896.
India : Physiographical Regions .
Physiography : It studies the present relief features of the earths surface or of natural
features in their causal relationship.
India a land of great diversity.
Plains
: 43%
Mountains : 11 %
Hills
: 18 %
Plateaus : 28 %
The Regions in India based on Geomorphology :
•
•
•
•
The Northern Mountain region
The Deccan Plateau
The Great plains between the above two
The Coastal Plains and islands.
The Northern Mountain Region :
• Spread from JK to Arunachal Pradesh .
• Wider in west (500km) than east (200 km)
(due to strong compression forces in the
east,most of the high peaks are also
located the eastern region. Like
Kanchenjunga)
• Himalaya fromed due to : Collision
between Angaraland and Gondwanaland.
• Tethys seas : Between Angaraland and
gondwanaland .
• They are new fold Mountains .
The Northern mountain region can be dived in to three parts :
• The Himalayan mountain region .
• The Trans-Himalayan Mountain Region .
• The Eastern or Purvanchal hills.
The Himalaya Mountain region :
There are three main Mountain ranges under the Himalayan mountain region
• The Great Himalayas or Inner Himalayan Range.
• The Lesser Himalayas or The Himachal range.
• The Outer Himalayas or The Shiwalik range.
The Great Himalayas :
It is also known as the Himadri or Main Himalayas or the snowy Himalayas .
Extension : from the Gorge of Indus to the bend of Brahmaputra.
High peaks are located in this range ; Eg : Sagar Matha.
Ganga, Yamuna and their tributaries originate from this range.
Indus, the Brahmaputra and Alaknanda rivers have made antecedent valleys by
passing through this range.
Avg height is =6000mts.
Important Mountain ranges of this region are :
Mount everest
Kanchenjunga
Makalu
Dhaulagiri
Nanga parbat
Annapurna
Nanda Devi
Badrinath
Kedarnath
Nandakot
Snow Line :
(8848m)
(8598m)
(8481m)
(8172m)
(8126m)
(8076m)
(7817m)
Lesser Himalaya :
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pir Panjal (Longest)
Dhauladhar
Nagtibba
Masoorie
Kumaon hills
Mahabharat
• The lesser Himalayas : Its Extension lies in the south of Great
Himalayas. It is 80 to 100 km wide and its avg height of between 2700
and 4500 kn. There are several small ranges under the lesser
Himalayas which are as follows:
• Pir Panjal Range : It extends from Jhelum to the Beas rivers in Kashmir
. The two main passes in the Pir Panjal range are Banihal and Pir panjal
• Dhuladhar Range – The range where Alaknanda river crosses the Great
Himalayas near badrinath , range comes out from there towards the
west .
• Between Lesser himalayas and Shiwalik Range,are Known for the hills
stations like Shimla, Mussoori,Chakrata,Nainital ,Ranikhet ,Darjeeling,
etc.
There are two open valleys between the Great Himalayas and the Lesser Himalayas :
• Kashmir valley
• Kathmandu valley
The valleys of kashmir and kathmandu have been created with the sedimentation of
lakes . The dal and the Wular lakes are its evidences .
Valley of Lahul ,Spiti and kullu are between the Great and the Lesser Himalayas.
• There are small meadows found in the slopes of lesser Himalayas .
These are called marg in kashmir ( Gulmarg(Meadow of Flowers) ,SoneMarg) etc. and
Bugyal in Uttarakhand
Karewas :
• Flat-topped terraces
of Kashmir valley on
flanks of Pir Panjal
made up of clay,
sands from old
deltaic fans.
• Fertile land
The Outer Himalayas or the Shiwalik Range :
• It is situated to the South of Lesser Himalayas .
• Continuous from J&K till Arunachal Pradesh, Known by Different namesJammu Hills
in Jammu,Arunachal –Abhor ,Miri,Mishmi,dafla etc
• Newest part of Himalaya. Avg height (600 m to 1500 mts)
• Formed after Himnalayas ,so the river was obstructed initially,hence lakes were
formed but later as the river cut through then water drained away so plain is left
,which are called Dun or duar .
• Valley Between the Shiwalik range and lesser Himalayas is known as Dun
(Dehradun) In west and Duar (Haridwar) in the east .
The Trans –Himalayas : They are in the North of great Himalayas .
It has the Karakoram ,Ladak, Zaskar and Kailash mountain ranges .
The Purvanchal or Eastern Himalayas :
These are extended in the north-eastern states of the India. Several of these hills
are Extended along the border of India and Myanmar .
Some of the major Hills and Rivers of the region are as Shown in The figure .
Regional Division of Himalayas : Sydney Durand
Punjab Himalaya :
Kumaon Himalayas :
• Karakoram, Ladakh,
Zasakar, Pir panjal, Dhaula
dhar
• Zozila pass btwn Kashmir
and Ladakh
• Valleys, duns, lakes
• West – Garhwal Himalayas
• East –Kumaon Himalayas
• Nandadevi, Kamet,
Badrinath, Kedarnath,
Gangotri
• Source of Ganga, Yamuna
• Nainital and Bhimtal -lakes
Nepal Himalayas:
Assam Himalayas:
• Tallest section of
Himalayas
• Great Himalayas –peaks –
Dhaulagiri, Annapurna,
Mansalu, Everest, Makalu
• Kathmandu valley
• Himalayas –narrower
• Lesser Himalayas close to
great Himalayas
• Peaks: Namcha Barwa, Kula
Kangri
• Bengal ‘Duars’
• Diphu pass- tri-junction of
India- China-Myanmar
• Western Himalaya :
From Indus to Kali
• Eastern Himalaya :
From Kali to Brahmaputra
Important Passes :
That are there in The Himalayas region are as Shown.
Zojila : located in the Zaskar Range , created by the Indus river .The road route
from Srinagar to Leh is located in the region .
Banihal Pass : Created by Indus River ,In JK, the National Highway 1(from Srinagar
to Jammu) passes through it .
Shipkila : Satluj River passes through it ,
Bara lacha la : HP, It links Madi to Leh by road
Rohtan Pass : HP, It cuts through Pir Panjal Range .It links Manali and Leh by road.
Mana Pass :It is in UK, land route to Kailash and Manasarovar passes through it .
Niti Pass : UK,road to kailash and Masarovar Passes through it.
Nathula : Sikkim it gives way to Tibet from Darjeeling and Chumbi Valley.
Jalep la : Sikkim, give away to Bhutan. The Teesta river passes through it .
The Western Ghat Mountain Range or Sahayadri Range :
Second largest Mountain Chain after Himalaya ,about 1500 Km
From Tapi to Nilgiri hills.
Divided into two parts :
• Northern Sahayadri
• Southern Sahayadri
Northern Sahayadri-Kalsubai (Highest Peak)
Southern Sahayadri – Kudremukh (Highest Peak),
Second highest Peak (Pushpagiri)
The two ranges meet at Niligiri Hills ,
The highest Peak here is Dodabetta(2623m).
Anaimudi(2695m) is the Highest Peak of Of Annamalai Mountains
Palghat – btwn Nilgiri and Annamalai hills
Shenkotta gap– btwn Cardamom
Hill stations :
Nilgiri – Ooty
Annamalai – Munnar
Palani hills - Kodaikanal
The Four main passes that have developed in the Ghats are .
Thal Ghat : it links Nasik to Mumbai. It connects Mumbai to Kolkata.
Bhor Ghat : It links Mumbai to Pune.
Palghat
: this Pass is located between the Nilgiris and the Annamalai
mountain.It is in Kerala and connects Kochi and Chennai.
Senkota pass: This is located between Nagercoil and Cardamom hills links
Trivandrum with Madurai.
The Eastern Ghat Mountain Range : less height and discontinuous.
Highest Peak-Vishakapatnam peak(1680m),Mahendragiri (1501m).
Bauxite deposits:
1)
Malaygiri
2)
Niyamgiri
3)
Baflai mali
4)
Panchpat mali
POSCO plant, Niyamgiri
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Northern circas
Nallamalla
Palkonda
Javadi
Shevroy
The Deccan plateau :
The oldest plateau in the world,(never submerged)
The hills of Aravalli,kaimur,Rajmahal and Shillong make the northern border of
the peninsular plateau .
• Eastern Ghats (broad plains),they are residual mountains ,broken.
• Western Ghats (with a narrow plains) they have steep slopes,escarpment.
Indian peninsular plateau
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
N-C highlands
S-C highlands
Eastern plateau
North Deccan
South Deccan
Western Ghats
Eastern Ghats
Meghalaya uplands
N-C highlands
• Aravalli
• Mahabharat
Uplands
• Madhya Bharat
Pathar
• Bundelkhand
Aravalli Mountains
• Source of Sabarmati, Luni and
Banas (tri. Chmbal)
• One of the oldest mt range.
• Grushikar Highes Peak
Bundelkhand
• Drought-prone – low agro-productivity
• Jhansi, Gwalior, Hamirpur
S-C highlands
1)
2)
3)
Vindhyan range
Malawa plateau
Narmada valley
Vindhyan range
• Source of many north
flowing rivers
• Chmabal, Sindh, Betwa
and Ken
• (tributaries of Yamuna)
Malawa plateau
• Faulty agro-practice- high soil erosion –
gully erosion- ‘Chambal badlands’
• Located btwn Arvalli and Vindhyan range
Eastern plateau
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Baghelkhand
Garhjat hills,
Rajmahal hills,
Mahanadi basin,
Dandkarnya
Chotanagpur plateau
Dandakaranya plateau : Located in the south
Chattisgarh and parts of Maharashtra.
Chotta Nagpur Plateau :
• N. – Hazaribaug Plateau
S. – Ranchi plateau
• Damodar and Mahanadi
Rifting – coal formation
• Unique coal + iron combination
The Meghalaya Plateau : An extension of the Deccan Plateau. Garo,Khai & Jaintia Hills
are located in this region. Cherapunji and Masynram are located to the South of Khasi
hills .It is Also Known as Shillong Plateau.
MaldaGap : The Gap between Rajmahal Hills and Meghalaya Plateau .
Garo (Nokrek), Khasi (Shillong)
North Deccan
• Satpura range (Rajpipla, Gawilgarh,
Mahaev, Maikal, Amarkantak plt.)
• Maharastra plateau
Satpura range
1)
Rajpipla (GJ)
2)
Gawilgarh (MH)
3)
Mahadeo (MP),
4)
Maikal (Chh)
Highest peak – Dhupgarh (Mahadeo)
• Amarkantak plateau- East of Maikal range
Source of Narmada and Son (tri. Of Ganga)
• Betul plateau – south of Mahado hills
source of river Tapi, Pench/ Wainganga river
(Tri. Of Godavari)
• Dhuadhar Water falls on Narmada River
(Marble Rocks)
The Deccan Plateau : It is divided in to 3
parts.
• The Deccan Lava Plateau.
• The Telangana Plateau
• The Karnataka Plateau
The Deccan Lava Plateau : formed due to
fissure eruption .at present the black soil
has developed in this region .
• Regur soils : black soils
• Lonar Lake at Buldana ,Maharashtra
formed due to collision of Meteorite.
• In south merge with KN plateau and in east
with Telangana plateau
The Karnataka Plateau : The Baba Budan Hills
,rich in Iron Ore. The Kaveri River is the main
river of the Karnataka plateau.
Dharwad plateau
• Ancient Dharwad– metallic mineral rich
region
South Deccan :
1) KN -Dharwad plt
One of the oldest physiographical region
2) Telangana plateau
Telangana plateau
The Telangana Plateau :In the Telangana state
.The Godavari river divides this plateau onto
two parts.
• North – Satmala hills
• South Sheshachalam hills,
Rayanseema plt
• Drained by Godavari, Krishna and
Penneru
The Great Plains Of India :
RJ Plains : The Plain of Rajasthan
:
• Rajasthan Bagar : fluvial
grasslands –RJ steppe
• Very fertile –Rohi tracts
• Western most RJ- marusthali/
Thar desert– sand dunes
“Dhrians”.
• Main river is Luni which
disappears into Rann of
Kutch.
In the North
• Sambhar and the Didwana
are major salt lakes of this
plain.
• Sambhar is the largest salt
lake in India.
RJ Plains
• SW plains: marine origin
• While north movementIndian plate’s western
margin – marine
transgression – marine
depo. – oil and gas reserve
– salt lakes
• Extend to Kutchh
The Desert of Rajasthan
• Tropical desert
• Off-shore trade winds + local
reason – Aravalli parallel to SW
monsoon – no orographic rain
Dividing the region area wise:
The Indus Plain :
Daob : The land between two rivers
The Plain of Punjab:
Bist:
Bari:
Rachna:
Chhaj:
Sindh sagar:
The Great Plains of India
located between the Himalayas and the
peninsular Plateau.
Created by rivers of Himalayas –Ganga,
Yamuna ,Brahmaputra ,The kosi etc
Peninsular rivers like Son, Chambal etc.
The Plains are Further Divided into Four
Parts :
Bhabar: The Bhabar lies along the foothills
of the Shiwaliks with a remarkable
continuity from Indus to Teesta.
• Porous and Pebbled Plain it has been
created by the deposition of granules
and pebbles brought by the rivers
descending from the Himalayans.
•
Alluvial fan of the Shiwaliks.
Terai :
•
lie to the south of Bhabar region
deposition of fine sand and mud is
found here.
• The rivers that disappear in the
Bhabar region reappear .
• The region is plain in nature river
water spreads here and makes it a
marshy land.
• The region is covered with dense
forests.
Bangar: It is made of old alluvial .The new flood water does not reach this
region.
The Bangar has two regional tribes.
Khadar : Plain made by the deposition of new alluvial soil .the flood water
reaches almost every year making it fertile.
Bihar, UP , &WB .
Reh : Barren saline areas in UP, Haryana .
Bhur : Elevated piece of land in upper ganga area formed due to blowing
of winds and accumulation of sands .
The Gangetic Plain : UP,Bihar,WB.
Upper Gangetic Plain : Western Uttar Pradesh(From Yamuna to Ghaghara plains
Rohilkhand plain(sandy area))
Middle Gangetic Plain : Eastern UP & N.B(Awadh ,Kosi area (prone to flooding))
Lower Gangetic Plain : WB.(sunderban delta)
Ox-Bow lakes are found in the middle Gangetic plain, because rivers meander in this region.
The Brahmaputra Basin : long narrow Plain (between himalayas and the Meghalaya
Plateau).
Many Islands are found in this region.
Majauli is the largest riverine island in the world located in this region .
Coastal plains
From Rann of Kutch to Sundarban
1)
Western coastal plain
2)
Eastern coastal plain
Western coastal plain
• Narrower than Eastern coastal plain
• Steeper fast flowing rivers – No alluvial
deposits
• Rivers form Estuaries and not deltas
• Good for Port development
Western Coastal Plain : From Surat to KanyaKumari
The Gujarat plain: coastal area of Gujarat.
The Konkan plain: between Daman and Goa.
The Kannada Plain :Between Goa and Mangalore.
The Malabar plain:Mangalore and Kanyakumari.
Maximum extent -80 Km.
Malabar Coast :
Vembnad lake
Periyar river merge near Vembnad lake
Inner side – Ernakulam and outward
side - Kochi
Backwaters of kerala are also known as
Kayals on the Malabar Coast.
The Eastern coastal Plains:
From the Subernarekha river to
Kanyakumari.
Godavari,Krishna,Kaveri.
Kolleru Lake-Deltaic lake
Chilka Lake and Pulicat Lake-lagoon.
Orissa Plain-Utkal Plain
Godavari and the Mahanadi-Northern
Circar.
Tamil Nadu-Coramandel Coast.
• Odisha coast:
• Wheeler Is. –missile
testing
• Chilka lake (biggest)
• Olive ridley turtles –
Ganjam coast- (nr. Mouth
of Rushikulya river)
• Kolleru lake –deltaic lake (Goadavari and
Krishna rivers)
• Pulicut lake – split bar Shriharikota Is. (ISRO
rocket launching station)
Eastern Plain
• Gulf of Mannar – biosphere reserve.
• Ram setu issue
The Island Groups.
• Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
• Lakshadweep islands.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands:
Saddle peak –Highest Peak.
Mt.Thuiller –Second highest peak.
Barren island
Indira Point
10 o channel : separates Andaman from Nicobar
Duncan pass : South Andaman and Little Andaman.
Lakshadweep islands:
Minicoy is the largest island
Kavaratti is the Capital of the Land
Other prominent Islands
Sriharikota : part of pulicat lake.
Pamban Island : Gulf of mannar between India and SriLanka.it is a part of Adams Bridge.
New Moore Island: It is situated in the bay of bengal on the border of Bangladesh and
India. Formed due to the deposition of silt at the mouth of the ganga.
India’s Geological Structure.
Era
Epoch
Azoic
Paleozoic
Primary
Period
Time of Beginning
of the era
• Pre-Cambrian
• Archean
Pangea
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cambrain
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Carboniferous
Permian
Mesozoic
Secondary
• Triassic
• Jurassic
• Cretaceous
Cenozoic
Tertiary
•
•
•
•
Eocene
Oligocene
Miocene
Pliocene
600 million years
ago.
Breaking of Pangea.
225 million yrs ago
Gondwanaland
,broken up in to
Australia,Antartica,
madagascar.
70 million
Neozoic
Quaternary
• Pleistocene
• Holocene
One million years
Azoic Era- Pangea was formed,no life in this time.
Silurian Period –period of Vertebrates molluscs, corals and Sharks originated in this time.
Carboniferous Period: Breaking up of Pangea in to two parts i.e Angaraland and
Gondwanaland.
With Tethys Sea in the Middle .
Jurassic Period : Gondwanaland broken up in to the peninsular India ,Madagascar ,
Australia, Antarctica etc.
Classification of the Indian Rocks :
Rocks of the Archean System :
• Oldest and Primary rocks.
Ka’ka,TN,MP,Orissa,Chotanagpur plateau in JH .
Dharwar system :
• Aravalli the oldest Fold
Mountain range has been
made of this rock.
• Dharwar and Shimoga regions
of Karnataka.
• Rocks are also found in
regions like Kaveri
Valley,Bellary & Shimoga
,Sasar
• Rocks are economically very
important –Iron,
Gold,Manganese,Mica,Coppe
r etc.
Rocks of Cuddapah System:
• Sandstone, Limestone,
Marble, Asbestos etc.
• Other Mineral like
iron,manganese,copper,coba
lt,nickel,barytes etc
Rocks of Vindhyan System:
• Formed after the Cuddapah rocks by
the deposition of silt of river valleys
and shallow areas.Thus these rocks
are also sedimentary rocks.
• Evidence of fossils are also found in
this region.
• Malwa Plateau ,Son valley
,BundelKhand etc.
• Famous for House-Building rocks.
• The Sanchi Stupa ,the Redfort ,Jama
Masjid etc.
• Diamonds Mines of Golconda in
Karnataka and Panna in MP are
found this is Structure.
Rocks of Gondwana system :
• Word Comes from the Gond region of
MP.
• 98% of coal is found in this region.
• These rocks have been formed
between Carboniferous rocks and
Jurassic periods.
• Coal was formed by the burying down
of the vegetation of that period.
• This coal is now found mainly in the
river valleys of the Damodar , The Son ,
The Mahanadi ,The Godavari ,The
Wardha etc.
The Deccan trap :
• Volcanic action ,Deccan trap has
been formed as a result of fissure
eruption.
• Black soil.
• Gujarat,MP and TN .
Rocks of the Tertiary system :
• Himalayas mountain range
developed during this system.
• Mineral Oil in Assam ,
Rajasthan and Gujarat is
formed in this period.
Rocks of Quarternary System:
These rocks are found in the plains
of Ganga and Indus.
Old alluvial – Bangar
New alluvial – khadar
India : Drainage system
Drainage: The flow of water through a definite channel is known as drainage.
Drainage system : The network of several such channels is called a drainage system.
Drainage pattern: It refers to the geometrical form of the rivers of a particular area
and spatial arrangement .eg. Trellis drainage pattern, radial drainage pattern.
On the basis of origin ,the drainge system can be divided in to two parts :
• The Himalayan Drainage system
• The Peninsular Drainage system
The Himalayan rivers
The Peninsular Rivers
Perennial, Glaciers
Seasonal ,dependence on rainwater .
Basins are large
Basins of Peninsular rivers are small
They are long
They are relatively small
Most of the rivers are tributaries of one or Most of the rivers flow into the ocean
the other large river
because of high peninsular slope.
They form deep valleys and gorges.
Antecedent rivers
The rivers are often shallow
Himalayan rivers cover long distances in
plains and are navigable
The peninsular rivers are not navigable
,they are navigable only in the delta
regions.
These rivers form meanders
They flow through hard rocky areas
.several rives flow through rift Valley and
have straight and Linear courses
Antecedent : Indus, Sutluj ,Brahmaputra
A river which have its origin before the upliftment of land mass is
called an antecedent river.
The Himalayan drainage system :
• The Indus River system
• The Ganga River system
• The Brahmaputra river system
The Indus river System :
Indus(Largest River),Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutluj are its tributaries.
Source: Mansarovar lake.
Type :Antecedent river ,it cuts a deep gorge at Bunzi.
Enters the Plains at Attock ,joined here by kabul .
The Panjanad joins Indus at MithanKot.
Tributaries:
Left Bank- Jhelum,Chenab,Ravi,Beas.
Right Bank – Shyok ,Gilgit,Kabul
• The Indus Water Treaty ,1960
The Jhelum:
• It is the tributary of Indus .
• Origin : Verinag Lake (J &K)
• Joins the Chenab river
• It forms the LOC,
Aman –Kaman Setu , Srinagar to Muzzafarabad Link
Wular Lake is here Hair Pin Bend at Muzzafarabad.
Kishenganga Dispute :
• The Chenab
• Is made up of two streams called
Chandra and Bhaga .joint stream
called as Chandra Bhaga.
• Origin : Bara Lacha-La pass.
• It is the largest tributary of Indus
.
Akhnoor is the Place at which it
enters the Plain.
Dulhasti(Kishtwar) , Salal and
Baghlihar (Ramban Dist)
The Ravi River :
• Origin: from Rohtang Pass
near Kullu Hills.
• It is a tributary of Chenab.
• Ravi and Jhelum are almost
of same Length.
Beas :
• Origin: from Beas Kund near Rohtang
Pass . It joins the Sutluj River near a
place called Harike in Punjab .
• Manali Valley is on this .
• Shortest tributary of all the west bank
tributaries.(completely in India)
• At the confluence of Sutlej and Beas
,Harike Barrage from where Indira
Gandhi canal has been created.
Sutluj :
• Originates from Rakas Lake near Mansarovar Lake.
• Antecedent river which cuts through the Himalayas
at Shipkila (pass)
• Longest left bank tributary of Indus.
• It enters the Plain at Ropar .
• Forms a boundary between India and Pakistan
between Ferozpur and Fazilka.
Important River Valley Projects .
Bhakra Nangal Project :
Bhakra (Highest gravity dam in the India) and Nangal (Govind Sagar Resorvoir in HP).
Indira Gandhi Canal :
From Harike Barage ,Longest canal in the world (468km)
Pong Project : It is on the Beas river in HP.
Chamera Project : on the river Ravi ,in HP.
Naptha Jakhri Project : It is executed on the Sutluj,largest hydroelectric power project.
Tulbul Project :On the Jhelum in JK,also known as Wular Barrage.
Uri Project : Jhelum river
Kishenganga : On the Kishenganga river (tributary of Jhelum)
The Ganga river System :
Catchment are is 26 % of geographical area of the country.
National river in 2008
Alaknanda and Bhagirathi are the two head streams of Ganga.
Bhagirathi--Gangothri glacier
Alaknanda –Satopanth Glacier.
Confluence at Devaprayag where onward it is known as Ganga.
At Haridwar it enters the Plain .
Length: UP>WB>Bihar.
Ganga System
Left bank tributaries
•
•
•
•
•
Ramganga
Gomati
Ghaghar
Gandak
Kosi
Right bank tributaries
• Yamuna
• Son
• Hugli
Right bank Tributaries :
Yamuna: The Longest tributary of the Ganga.
Source : Yamunotri glacier
Tons River originating from Himalayas is the largest tributary of the Yamuna in
Himalayan region.
Right Bank tributaries:
Tributaries from Vindhayas.
Chambal , Sind,Betwa and Ken.
Chambal :
Originates from a place near Mhow situated on the Malwa Plateau in MP .
Flows Through Rajasthan and joins Yamuna.
Famous for badland topography .
Banas,Kalisind and Parvati are the tributaries of Chambal .
Ken : Originates from Kaimur Hills in MP.
Son : Main right Bank tributary of Ganga. Originates from the Amarkantak
in MP .
Swarna nadi .
Rihand: Ramgarh hills Govind vallabh pant sagar on Rihand
and Koel are the main tributaries.
Gomati : originates near Pilhibit
. It Joins the Ganga near
Ghazipur.Lucknow and Jaunpur
are the two Important towns .
Ghaggar : Originates (Gurula
mandatha peak(Karnali+Kali))
Ayodhya(saryu),Faizabad
• Gandak originated near Nepal-Tibet
border
Kali Gandaki and Trishuli imp tributaries
• Merge in Ganga near Patna
Kosi river : Originates in Nepal
after 7 streams join together .
Its main stream is the river .
Arun which originates from the
Gosaithan peak in Tibet .
Changing Course ,Flodding also
known as Sorrow of Bihar .
Mahananda : Originates near the Hills of Darjeeling. This is the last tributary
of Ganga on its left bank.
Damodar River : Flows in the
Chotanagpur plateau in Jharkhand
.The river Passes through a rift
valley .
Joins Hugli.
Dhanbad and Durgapur are
important towns.
River Valley Projects related to the Ganga River System :
Tehri Project : at the confluence of Bhilanganga and Bhagirathi.(2400 MW largest
plant)
Gandak Project : joint project of Bihar,UP,& Nepal .
Kosi Project : Joint project of Biahr and Nepal.
Rihand Project : on Rihand a tributary of Son near a Place called Pimpri .
Resorvoir Govind Vallabh path Sagar is the largest man made lake in India.
Chambal Project :
3 dams.
Gandhi Sagar,Rana Pratap Sagar, Jawahar Sagar.
Damodar Valley Project : First Multipurpose project of Independent India.
The Brahmaputra system :
• Originates near Mansarovar lake in Tibet ,Know as Tsangpo
Lake Creates a Deep Gorge by Cutting Through th Himalays Near the Namcha
Barwa.
• Enters India as Dihang,
• Near Sadia It receives Lohit and Dibang.
•
It is there only in the State of Assam.
• Left Bank Tributaries: Dhansari,dibang,Lohit, Surma.
• Right Bank tributaries-Subanshri, Manas Teesta .
It enters Bangladesh near Dhubri .
Known as Jamuna in Bangladesh,
It joins the Padma which itself joins the Meghna.
Meghna Flows into the Bay of Bengal .
River valley Projects on Brahmaputra & NE :
• Loktak Hydel Power Project : Manipur
• Tipaimukh Hydel Power Project : Manipur
• Dhaleshwari Hydeo Power Project : Mizoram
• Rangit Hydel Power project : Sikkim
Peninsular rivers
1)
West flowing rivers:
Narmada – Tapi
2)
East-flowing rivers:
Damodar,
Subarnarekha,
Mahanadi, Godavari,
Krishna, Kaveri etc
The Peninsular Indias Drainage system :
Godavari system :
Source: Trimbak plt
Left bank tri: Penganga, Wardha, Wainganga (combined = Pranhita),
Indravati (fall), Sabari and sileru
Right bank tri:Manjara
Krishna system : second largest system of peninsular India .
Source: Mahabaleshwar
Tributaries : Tungabhadra,Koyna,and Musi,
Left bank tri:
Musi, Sina,Bhima, Ghat prabha, Malprabha, Tungbhadra, Hagari
• Mahanadi River system :
The Mahanadi originates
near Sihanwa to the
south of Amarkantak
• Left bank: Sheonath,
Hasdo and Mand
• Right bank: Tel, Jonk, Ong
• Chattisgarh Plains in the
upper reaches .
Kaveri:
Source: Tal kaveri at
Brahmagiri hills
Left bank tri:
Shimsa, Hemvati,
Kabani, Bhavani, Noyil,
Amaravati
Mahi : originates
from the Mehad Lake
located in the
western part of
Vindhyas.
Sabarmati :
Originates from the
Aravalli in Udaipur
Luni river
Narmada system :
Originates near
Amarkantak in Mp
,Flows through a rift
valley(Satpura and
Vindhya ,Dhuadhar fall)
.
Tapi system : Originates
near Betul district of
MP ,Purna main
tributary.
Sharavathi river : Jog Falls is on
this river
Bharathapuzha(Poonan
i): Largest river of
kerala ,Originates from
Annamalai Hills
Periyar : Second largest
river of Kerala ,joins
sea Near the
Vembanad Lakes .It is
the longest river of
Kerala.
Pamba : from
Annamalai hills and
flowing through kerala
and joins Vembanad
Lake .
River valley Projects on Southern Indian Rivers :
Narmada valley Project :
A total of 29 large dams will be built under this project. Of these the Narmada Sagar Dam
in Madhya Pradesh .
Saradar sarovar dam is in Gujarat.
Ukai Project : On the Tapi river at a place called Ukai
Kakrapara Project : Gujarat,Hydro –electricity is produced by building a dam on the Tapi.
The Sharavati Hydel Project : Jog falls ,Linganmakki resorvoir.
Kalinadi Project : Executed on the kalinadi project.
Idukki Project : keralas largest hydel power project is on river Periyar.
Sabarigiri : Hydel power projetc of Kerala on river Pamba.
Small river to the east:
Subarnarekha : Originates from the Chotanagpur
Vamsadhara: originates in the southern part of Orissa.It flows
through Andhra Pradesh
Other small rivers include
Brahmani and Baitarni.
known for their
unique mass
nesting called
“Arribada”=
thousands of
females come
together on the
same beach to lay
eggs.
Orissa coast is the
largest mass
hatching site of
Olive ridley turtle in
the world.
Penneru/Penner:
Source: Nandi durg peak in KN
Vaigai:
Source: Varushand Hills
Madurai located on Vaigai river
Projects on rivers flowing in to way of Bay Of Bengal :
Hirakud Project : on Mahanadi in Orissa,worlds longest river project.
Balimela Project : on the river Sileru which is a tributary of Godavari .
Nizam Sagar Project : on the river Manjra,a tributary of Godavari River
Pochampad Project : on Godavari
Tata Hydel Power Project : by Tata Group near Loanawala in MH.
Koyna Hydel Power Project : On Koyna river a tributary of Krishna
Nagarjun Sagar Dam:
Srisailam Dam :
Almati dam :
Shivasamudram Project: The Oldest Hydro electric power Project in India ,Krishna
Raja sagar dam.
Mettur dam :On Kaveri ,the reservoir is also known as Stanley reservoir.
Srinagar
Jhelum
Leh
Indus
Mandi
Beas
Ghaziabad
Hindon
Badrinath
Alaknanda
Uttarakashi
Bhagirathi
Tehri
Bhagirathi&Bhilganga
Devaprayag
Bhagirathi & Alaknanda
Rudraprayag
Mandakini & Alaknanda
Karnaprayag
Pindar & Alaknanda
Vishnuprayag
Dhauliganga&Alaknanda
Jaunpur
Gomati
Lucknow
Gomati
Gorakhpur
Rapti
Ayodhya
Sarayu
Haridwar
Ganga
Kanpur
Ganga
Allahabad
Ganga
Varanasi
Ganga
Patna
Ganga
Bhagalpur
Ganga
Delhi
Yamuna
Mathura
Yamuna
Agra
Yamuna
Kota
Chambal
Rawatbhata
Chambal
Ujjain
Shipra
Sanchi
Betwa
Kolkata
Hugli
Tilaya
Damodar
Maithon
Damodar
Sindri
Damodar
Jamshedpur
Subarnarekha
Dibrugarh
Brahmaputra
Majuli
Brahmaputra
Guwahati
Brahmaputra
Dhubri
Brahmaputra
Manas
Manas
Aizwal
Dhaleshwari
Korba
Hasdo
Sambalpur
Mahanadi
Cuttack
Mahadi
Gandhi Nagar
Sabarmati
Ahmedabad
Sabarmati
Jabalpur
Narmada
Surat
Tapi
Nasik
Godavari
Kurnool
Tungabhadra
Hyderabad
Musi
Nellore
Penner
Vijayawada
Krishna
Karwar
Kalinadi
Srirangapatnam
Kaveri
Mysore
Kaveri
Trichirapalli
Kaveri
Tanjavur
Kaveri
Madurai
Vaigai