* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download the journal of historical research
German Corpse Factory wikipedia , lookup
Propaganda in the Mexican Drug War wikipedia , lookup
Edward Bernays wikipedia , lookup
RT (TV network) wikipedia , lookup
Political warfare wikipedia , lookup
Role of music in World War II wikipedia , lookup
Eastern Bloc media and propaganda wikipedia , lookup
Cartographic propaganda wikipedia , lookup
Propaganda in Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II wikipedia , lookup
Propaganda of Fascist Italy wikipedia , lookup
Airborne leaflet propaganda wikipedia , lookup
Radio propaganda wikipedia , lookup
Propaganda in Nazi Germany wikipedia , lookup
Architectural propaganda wikipedia , lookup
Randal Marlin wikipedia , lookup
Psychological warfare wikipedia , lookup
www.ssresearcher.com ISSN 2321-9750 THE JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH VOLUME-II NUMBER-II FOUNDATION OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCHER 63 THE JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH NOVEMBER 2013 www.ssresearcher.com ISSN 2321-9750 EDITORIAL The Journal of Historical Research aspires to achieve to the world of researcher for explore their talents and leasing them expose their acumen to exhibit their research pursuit. It would stress on creativity and innovation as the specialty, to forge ahead with the new ideas in the emerging new world. Today we traversed across countries, across cultures and made the world borderless, collapsing the barriers between countries. In the click of a mouse we have the potential to access the platforms, from one pole to the other. This gospel idea encourages us to publish a journal. The traditional idea of hard copy publication of journals, in the years to come shall be replaced by online publication which shall allow the researchers to easily relate to each other ideas. I especially welcome to all viewers to be a part of our journey and make the journal enrich forever. DR. MIZANUR RAHMAN 64 THE JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH NOVEMBER 2013 www.ssresearcher.com ISSN 2321-9750 CONTENT SL.NO. PAPER & AUTHOR 1. NATIONAL INTEGRATION THROUGH LITERATURE AND THE DETERMINATION TO JUSTICE MR.GOBINDA DAS 2. CONTRIBUTION OF MUHAMMAD GHAZNI AND MUHAMMAD GHOR IN MODERN INDIA MRS.RAMA BISWAS 3. 4. 5. 6 PAGE NO. 01-08 09-17 IMPACT OF ARAB INVASION ON CULTURAL EXPANSION OF INDIA DR.KULDEB SINGH 18-25 CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE PERIOD OF JAINISM 26-33 MR.GAUTAM KHASTOGIR THE GREEK INFLUENCE ON INDIAN ART, COINAGE, PHILOSOPHY, LANGUAGE AND SCRIPT, DRAMA, ASTRONOMY, MATHEMATICS AND MEDICINE-SPECIAL FOCUSED ON ALEXANDER DR.MUZZAFFAR HOSSAIN 34-41 THE METHODS OF COMMUNICATING THE NARRATIVE THROUGH A PROCESS OF UDERSTANDING 42-52 DR.RAJIB HALDIRAM 7 THE DESIRED RESULT OF ATTITUDE TOWARD THE SUBJECT IN THE TARGET AUDIENCE OF PROPAGANDA 53-62 MD.NASIM AKTAR DENISH 8 THE GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY, THE GROWTH OF CORPORATE POWER, AND THE GROWTH OF CORPORATE POWER AGAINST DEMOCRACY DR.JAGPAT SINGH ARORA 9 SOCIAL HISTORY WAS CONTRASTED WITH POLITICAL HISTORY, INTELLECTUAL HISTORY AND THE HISTORY OF GREAT MEN MR.LILA BASANT HISTORY IS A TOOL THAT CONTRIBUTES TO THE SHAPING OF NATIONAL IDENTITY, CULTURES, AND MEMORIES 10 MRS.SUJATA GHOSH 65 THE JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH NOVEMBER 2013 63-71 72-83 84-95 www.ssresearcher.com ISSN 2321-9750 THE GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY, THE GROWTH OF CORPORATE POWER, AND THE GROWTH OF CORPORATE POWER AGAINST DEMOCRACY DR.JAGPAT SINGH ARORA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR UNIVERSITY OF DELHI ABSTRACT The field of social Psychology includes the study of persuasion. Social psychologists can be sociologists or psychologists. The field includes many theories and approaches to understanding persuasion. For example, communication theory points out that people can be persuaded by the communicator's credibility, expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. The elaboration likelihood model as well as heuristic models of persuasion suggests that a number of factors (e.g., the degree of interest of the recipient of the communication), influence the degree to which people allow superficial factors to persuade them. Nobel Prize winning psychologist Herbert A. Simon won the Nobel Prize for his theory that people are cognitive misers. That is, in a society of mass information people are forced to make decisions quickly and often superficially, as opposed to logically. 66 THE JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH NOVEMBER 2013 www.ssresearcher.com ISSN 2321-9750 INTRODUCTION Social cognitive theories suggest that people have inherent biases in the way they perceive the world and these biases can be used to manipulate them. For example, people tend to believe that people's misfortune (e.g., poverty) is a result of the person and downplay external factors (e.g., being born into poverty). This bias is referred to as the Fundamental Attribution Error. Self Fulfilling prophecies occur when people believe what they have been told they are. Propaganda frequently plays upon people's existing biases to achieve its end. For example, the illusion of control, refers to people's seemingly innate desire to believe they can and should control their lives. Propagandists frequently argue their point by claiming that the other side is attempting to take away your control. For example, Republicans frequently claim that Democrats are attempting to control you by imposing big government on your private life and take away your spending power by imposing higher taxes while Democrats frequently argue that they are reigning in big corporations that are attempting to influence elections with money, power and take away your job, health... According to bipartisan analysis, these claims are frequently untrue. Role theory is frequently used to identify an idea as appropriate because it is associated with a role. For example, the public relations firm Leo Burnett Worldwide used the Marlboro Man to persuade males that Marlboro cigarettes were a part of being a cool, risk-taking, cowboy rebel who was fearless in the face of threats of cancer. The campaign quadrupled sales of their cigarettes. Of course, smoking has nothing to do with being a cowboy or a rebel. This is a fantasy but the campaign's success is consistent with the tenets of role theory. In fact, the three actors who played the Marlboro man died of lung cancer. he propaganda model is a theory advanced by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky that argues systemic biases in the mass media and seeks to explain them in terms of structural economic causes. The 20th century has been characterized by three developments of great political importance: the growth of democracy, the growth of corporate power, and the growth of corporate propaganda as a means of protecting corporate power against democracy. First presented in their 1988 book Manufacturing Consent: the Political Economy of the Mass Media, the propaganda model views the private media as businesses selling a product — readers and audiences (rather than news) — to other businesses (advertisers) and relying primarily on government and corporate information and propaganda. The theory postulates five general classes of "filters" that determine the type of news that is presented in news media: Ownership of the medium, the medium's Funding, Sourcing of the news, Flak, and Anti-communist ideology. The first three (ownership, funding, and sourcing) are generally regarded by the authors as being the most important. Although the model was based mainly on the characterization of United States media, Chomsky and Herman believe the theory is equally applicable to any 67 THE JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH NOVEMBER 2013 www.ssresearcher.com ISSN 2321-9750 country that shares the basic economic structure and organizing principles the model postulates as the cause of media biases. After the Soviet Union disintegrated, Chomsky said terrorism and Islam would be the new filter replacing communism. To appropriately discuss propaganda, Ross argues that one must consider a threefold communication model: that of Sender-Message-Receiver. "That is... propaganda involve[s]... the one who is persuading (Sender) [who is] doing so intentionally, [the] target for such persuasion (Receiver) and [the] means of reaching that target (Message)." There are four conditions for a message to be considered propaganda. Propaganda involves the intention to persuade. As well, propaganda is sent on behalf of a sociopolitical institution, organization, or cause. Next, the recipient of propaganda is a socially significant group of people. Finally, propaganda is an epistemic struggle to challenge others' thoughts. Ross claims that it is misleading to say that propaganda is simply false, or that it is conditional to a lie, since often the propagandist believes in what he/she is propagandizing. In other words, it is not necessarily a lie if the person who creates the propaganda is trying to persuade you of a view that they actually hold. "The aim of the propagandist is to create the semblance of credibility." This means that they appeal to an epistemology that is weak or defective. False statements, bad arguments, immoral commands as well as inapt metaphors (and other literary tropes) are the sorts of things that are epistemic ally defective... Not only does epistemic defectiveness more accurately describe how propaganda endeavors to function... since many messages are in forms such as commands that do not admit to truth-values, [but it] also accounts for the role context plays in the workings of propaganda. Throughout history those who have wished to persuade have used art to get their message out. This can be accomplished by hiring artists for the express aim of propagandizing or by investing new meanings to a previously non-political work. Therefore, Ross states, it is important to consider "the conditions of its making [and] the conditions of its use." FIRST WORLD WAR The first explosion of government propaganda was occasioned by the outbreak of war in 1914. In particular, the British and German governments dramatically increased their output of propaganda aimed at persuading their citizens of the justness of their cause and the inevitability of their victory. The Germans had semi-official propaganda machinery at the beginning of the war. The journalist Matthias Hershberger established the Zentralstelle fur Auslandsdienst (Central Office for Foreign Services), which distributed propaganda to neutral nations (especially after the invasion of Belgium). Although Germany's undersea cables were immediately cut by Britain on the onset of war, they relied upon their wireless Nauen Transmitter Station to broadcast pro-German news reports to the world. Among other techniques, mobile cinemas were sent to the front line to entertain the troops. The newsreels would portray events with a pro-German slant. German posters played heavily on martial themes related to Germanic mythology. 68 THE JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH NOVEMBER 2013 www.ssresearcher.com ISSN 2321-9750 British propaganda during World War I - called “an impressive exercise in improvisation” was hastily expanded at the beginning of the war. Under the guidance of Charles Master man it was set up in Wellington House. Soon, the British effort, eventually vested in an office called M17, far surpassed the German in quality and ability to sway the public mood. British propaganda excelled at using the right words to covey precise and authoritative meaning. An example of this is the simple poster which depicts two children asking their squirming father, “Daddy, what did you do in the Great War?” The impressive effect of this propaganda deluge can be gauged by the tremendous positive reaction to Lord Horatio Kitchener's appeal for recruitment. Army centers were overrun with volunteers and a tremendous patriotic upsurge was felt throughout the country. This momentum was sustained, despite the rapidly mounting casualties, by a constant flow of propaganda. British propaganda focused on two main points. It appealed to the sense of national honor and prestige, but increasingly it began to focus on whipping up popular hatred for the 'diabolical Hun'. The enemy was constantly and effectively demonized, both at home and abroad in the neutral United States, with lurid stories of the rape of Belgian nuns and the bayoneting of children as documented in the Bryce report. Much was also made of the execution of Edith Cavell a British nurse who had helped prisoners of war to escape. The claim was even circulated that the Germans had built factories that converted corpses into fat products for the industrial production of items such as nitroglycerin. Before the United States declared war in 1917, it established a propaganda department along similar lines. President Woodrow Wilson hired Walter Lippmann and Edward Bernays to participate in the Creel Commission, which was to sway popular opinion in favor of entering the war on the side of the United Kingdom. The Creel Committee provided themes for speeches by "four-minute men" at public functions, and also encouraged censorship of the American press. Starting after World War I, propaganda had a growing negative connotation. This was due in part to the 1920 book "How We Advertised America: the First Telling of the Amazing Story of the Committee on Public Information that Carried the Gospel of Americanism to Every Corner of the Globe" in which the impact of the Creel Committee, and the power of propaganda, was overemphasized. The Committee was so unpopular that after the war, Congress closed it down without providing funding to organize and archive its papers. Northern propaganda in the American Civil War, former slave showing keloidscars from whipping. This famous photo was distributed by abolitionists. The war propaganda campaign of the Creel Committee "produced within six months such an intense anti-German hysteria as to permanently impress American business (and Adolf Hitler, among others) with the potential of large-scale propaganda to control public opinion." 69 THE JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH NOVEMBER 2013 www.ssresearcher.com ISSN 2321-9750 Bernays, a nephew of Freud, who wrote the book Propaganda early in the 20th century, later coined the terms "group mind" and "engineering consent", important concepts in practical propaganda work. He wrote: The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic society. Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of our country. We are governed, our minds are molded, our tastes formed, our ideas suggested, largely by men we have never heard of. This is a logical result of the way in which our democratic society is organized. Vast numbers of human beings must cooperate in this manner if they are to live together as a smoothly functioning society. The file Century of the Self by Adam Curtis documents the immense influence of these ideas on public relations and politics throughout the last century. Lippmann, in Public Opinion (1922) also worked on the subject, as well as the American advertising pioneer and founder of the field of public relations Edward Bernays, a nephew of Freud, who wrote the book Propaganda early in the 20th century. According to Alex Carey, one distinctive feature of the twentieth century was "the professionalizing and institutionalizing of propaganda", as it became an increasingly prominent, sophisticated, and self-conscious tactic of both government and business. REFERENCES 1. Miles. Steven. H (2004). The Hippocratic Oath and the Ethics of Medicine, Oxford University Press, pp-xiv. 2. Emanuel, Ezekiel. J.(1930): The History of Euthanasia Debates in the United States and Britain in Annals of Internal Medicine, Established in 1927 by the American College of Physicians, pp.1 3. Setter. S.(1989):Inviting Death: Indian Attitude towards the Ritual Death. E.J. Brill, Leiden. Pp -112-113. 4. Tukol. Justice T.K. (1976): Sallekhana is not Suicide. L.D. Institute of Ideology, Ahmadabad, pp-107 5. Mahaprajna. Yuvacarya (1981): Ayaro Acaranga Sutra, (Translate into English –Kumar, Muni Mahindra), Today and Tomorrows Printers Publishers, New Delhi,pp-367 6. Bhargava. Dayan and.(1968): Jaina Ethics, Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi, pp-178 7. Thakur. Upendra.(1963): The History of Suicide in India: An Introduction: New Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal, pp-103-104 8. Tukol. Justice T.K. (1976): Sallekhana is not Suicide. L.D. Institute of Ideology, Ahmadabad, pp-109. 70 THE JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH NOVEMBER 2013 www.ssresearcher.com ISSN 2321-9750 9. . Thakur. Upendra.(1963): The History of Suicide in India: An Introduction: New Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal, pp.111. 10. Roy Nath Shamindra (2010): Practicing Geographer: Disparity in Access to land among the social groups in India; A state level analysis, Volume 14, No.01, pp.158-183. 11. Aiyappan, A. (1995): Social Revolution in a Kerala Village; Asia Publishing House, Mumbai. 12. Bailey, F.G. (1987): Caste & the Economic Frontier: A Village in Highland Orissa, Manchester University Press, And Manchester. 13. Bardhan, A.B. (1960): Tribal Situation in India; Communist Party of India Publications, India. 14. Battelle, Andre (1972): Inequality & Social Change, Oxford University Press, Delhi. 15. Chandra, G.K. (2000): State of the Indian Farmer: A Millennium Study, Volume-3, Academic Foundation, New Delhi, pp. 229. 16. Dasgupta, Biplab (1973): Naxalite Armed Struggles and the Annihilation Campaign in Rural Areas; EPW, Volume VIII, No. 456, pp. 173-178 17. Harris, John (1999): Comparing political Regimes across Indian States, A preliminary Essay’; EPW, Volume XXXIV, No. 48, pp. 3367-77 18. Mearns, Robin, (1998): Access to Land in Rural Indian: Policies & Options; World Bank. 19. Mohanty, B.B.(1997): State & Tribal Relationship in Orissa; Indian Anthropologist, Volume 27, No. 1, pp. 1-17 20. Mukherji, p.( 1987):Study of Social Conflicts, Case of Naxalbari Peasant Movement; EPW, Volume 22, No. 38, pp. 1607-1616 21. Murdia, Ratna ( 1975): Land Allotment & Land Alienation Policies & Programmes for Scheduled Castes & Tribes, EPW, Volume X, No. 32, pp. 1201-14 22. Ram dive, B. (1979):The Caste, Class and Property Relations, EPW, Vol 14, No. 7 and 8, pp. 337-48 23. Rammohan, K.T. (2008): Caste & Landlessness in Kerala: Signals from Chingra; EPW, September 13, 2008 71 THE JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH NOVEMBER 2013