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The Enjoyment of Music 11th Complete Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition PART I Materials of Music The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition Prelude 1: Listening to Music Today Typical places and ways of listening to music Suggested picture of guy with mp3 player and laptop (in Shorter edition, p. 4, Full p. 5 Understanding music requires active listening The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition Some Practical Suggestions Practice listening to music Knowledge of musical notation is not necessary Use Listening Guides, Resource CD, and Glossary Attend live music performances! The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition Attending Concerts Recordings vs. live concerts Art music vs. popular music Pianist Lang Lang The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition To Find a Concert, Check Listings For on-campus concerts (Music Department) In the “weekend section” of local newspapers College newspaper On websites of local concert venues and musical groups Be sure to ask for student discounts! The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition The Concert Program The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition http://www.wwnorton.com/college/music/enjoyment-of-music11/complete/ The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th Complete Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 1. Melody: Musical Line “It is the melody which is the charm of music, and it is that which is most difficult to produce. The invention of a fine melody is a work of genius.” ―Haydn Joseph Haydn The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition Defining Melody Melody: A succession of single pitches or tones perceived as a meaningful unity. Newton: “Amazing Grace” The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition Characteristics of Melody: Contour Strauss: Don Juan Mozart: Piano Concerto Grieg: Peer Gynt Suite Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition Characteristics of Melody: Range “America” “Greensleeves” Strauss: Don Juan The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition Characteristics of Melody Conjunct Movement: A smooth, connected melody that moves principally by small intervals. Beethoven: String Quartet No. 1 The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition Characteristics of Melody Disjunct movement: A disjointed or disconnected melody with many leaps. Brahms: Violin Concerto in D, Op. 77, III The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition The Structure of Melody Phrase: A unit of meaning within a larger structure, like a musical sentence. Cadence: A resting place in a musical phrase. Mozart: Symphony No. 40, I The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition The Structure of Melody Rhyme scheme: Poetic phrases and musical phrases generally align. Billings: “Chester” The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition The Structure of Melody Prokofiev: Violin Concerto Countermelody: An added melody sounding against another melody. The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition http://www.wwnorton.com/college/music/enjoyment-of-music11/complete/ The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th Complete Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 2. Rhythm and Meter: Musical Time Rhythm: Length, or duration of individual notes. Beat: Regular pulsation. Accent: Beats that are stronger. Beethoven: “Turkish March” (duple) The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition Musical Time Metrical Patterns: Simple recurring patterns, typically 2, 3, or 4 beats grouped in a measure. Downbeats The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 2. Rhythm and Meter: Musical Time Simple Meter Duple Meter Bar Line Measure Triple Meter Quadruple Meter (Common Time) The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 2. Rhythm and Meter: Musical Time Duple Meter Sousa: “Stars and Stripes Forever” Mahler: Symphony No. 1, III Triple Meter Purcell: Rondeau from Abdelazar Vivaldi: The Four Seasons, Autumn Quadruple Meter (Common Time) Brahms: Symphony No. 1, IV Grieg: Peer Gynt Suite The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition Musical Time: Compound Meter 6/8 9/8 The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition Musical Time: Compound Meter 6/8 Corelli: Violin Sonata, Gigue 9/8 Bach: Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring 12/8 Fauré: Pelléas et Mélisande, “Sicilienne” The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition Musical Time Syncopation: Deliberate disruption of pattern; accent shifted to a weak beat or offbeat. Borodin: Prince Igor, “Polovetsian Dances” Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring, “Dance of the Youths…” Tchaikovsky: Piano Concerto No. 1 The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition Musical Time Polyrhythm: Simultaneous use of different rhythmic patterns. Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring, “Sacrificial Dance…” The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition Musical Time Additive Meter: Irregular grouping of beats in a larger pattern. Ravi Shankar: Bhimpalasi Anoushka Shankar The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition Musical Time Nonmetric: Music without a strong sense of beat or meter. Gregorian chant: “Alleluia, emitte spiritum” Gregorian chant: “Venite, exsultemus domino” The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition http://www.wwnorton.com/college/music/enjoyment-of-music11/complete/ The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th Complete Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 3. Harmony: Musical Space Vertical aspect of music Chord The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 3. Harmony: Musical Space Scale: A collection of pitches arranged in order. ascending or descending Octave (descending) Do ti la sol fa mi re do 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition The Function of Harmony Triad: Three-note chord, do-mi-sol or 1-3-5 The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition The Organization of Harmony Tonic or keynote: First note of scale (do) is “home base” Tonality Major tonality Minor tonality Diatonic harmony Chromatic harmony The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition The Organization of Harmony: Tonality Major Tonality Haydn: Symphony No. 94, III Minor Tonality Chopin: Mazurka Quiz Chopin: Prelude Mendelssohn: Symphony No. 4, I Vivaldi: Concerto for Piccolo Haydn: Symphony No. 45, I The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition The Organization of Harmony Diatonic Harmony Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier, I Chromatic Harmony Bach: Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue Quiz “Joy to the World” Wagner: Tristan und Isolde Haydn: Trumpet Concerto, III The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition Consonance and Dissonance Dissonance Stravinsky: The Rite of Spring, “Dance of the Youths…” Consonance Mendelssohn: Midsummer Night’s Dream, Nocturne Drone Shankar: Bhimpalasi The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition http://www.wwnorton.com/college/music/enjoyment-of-music11/complete/ The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th Complete Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 4. The Organization of Musical Sounds “If only the world could feel the power of harmony.” —W. A. Mozart The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition Musical Systems Melody and harmony function together to make a musical system. An octave is an important interval. Western octave: 12 equal semitones (half steps) Major/minor scales: Seven pitches drawn from the 12 The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition The Formation of Major and Minor Scales 12 semitones make up the chromatic scale White keys on a keyboard Black keys on a keyboard Two half steps = whole step Octave & # # # # # half steps whole step The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition White Keys: C D E F G A B C Black keys are in between the white keys Up a scale sharp ( # ) Down a scale flat ( b ) Black key above C is C#, D is D#, etc. Black key below D is Db, E is Eb, etc. The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition The Major Scale Do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-ti-do No black keys between E and F (mi–fa) or B and C (ti–do) E–F and B–C are half steps Other white keys are a whole step apart & Do re mi fa sol la ti do The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition Major Scales Pattern Major mode: w w h w w w h Tonic (do) Dominant (sol) The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition The Minor Scale Minor mode: w h w w h w w The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition Chromaticism Tones foreign to a key weaken the tonic relationship Diatonic tones Chromatic tones The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition Other Scale Types Non-Western Pentatonic (five-note) Tritonic (three-note) Microtonal scale Pentatonic Scale & The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition Aspects of the Major-Minor System Active and rest chords Tonic triad Dominant triad Subdominant triad & 1 tonic 2 3 4 subdominant 5 6 7 8(1) dominant The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition The Key as a Form-Building Element Using a new key or temporarily shifting the tonal center Original melody & Transposed melody (up a 4th) & b Modulation (relative minor) & The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition The Key as a Form-Building Element Key provides musical unity Movement from key to key creates tension Home key provides unity Foreign key provides variety and contrast The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition http://www.wwnorton.com/college/music/enjoyment-of-music11/complete/ The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th Complete Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 5. Musical Texture: Types of Texture Monophony: Single-line texture, or melody without accompaniment. Gregorian chant: Psalm 94, “Venite, exsultemus domino” Gregorian chant: Whitsunday Mass, “Alleluia, emitte…” The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 5. Musical Texture: Types of Texture Heterophony: Texture in which two or more voices (or parts) elaborate the same melody simultaneously, often the result of improvisation. African traditional, Gabon: “Porter’s Song” African traditional: “Herding Song” The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 5. Musical Texture: Types of Texture Polyphony: Two or more melodic lines combined into a multivoiced texture. • Non-imitative polyphony (simultaneous melodies) Rimsky-Korsakov: “Capriccio espagnol, Fandano asturiano” Bach: Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring • Imitative polyphony Marenzio: “La bella ninfa mia” Handel: Concerto Grosso in G Bach: Concerto for Violin and Oboe, II The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 5. Musical Texture: Types of Texture Homophony: Texture with principal melody and accompanying harmony. Dvořák: Symphony No. 9, II Grieg: Peer Gynt Suite The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 5. Musical Texture: Types of Texture QUIZ Monophony―Homophony ―Polyphony American traditional: “America” Mahler: Symphony No. 1, III Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 21 Bach: Brandenburg Concerto No. 4, III Billings: “Chester” The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 5. Musical Texture: Contrapuntal Devices Imitation Canon Round Ex.: “Row, Row, Row Your Boat” The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition http://www.wwnorton.com/college/music/enjoyment-of-music11/complete/ The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th Complete Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 6. Musical Form: Structure and Design in Music Purcell: Rondeau from Abdelazar Chopin: Prelude in E Mozart: Piano Concerto, II Beethoven: String Quartet in F The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 6. Musical Form: Structure and Design in Music British traditional: “Greensleeves” Handel: Keyboard Suite No. 5 Shankar: Bhimpalasi The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 6. Musical Form: Two-Part and Three-Part Form Brahms: Symphony No. 1, IV British traditional: “Greensleeves” Dvořák: Symphony No. 9, II The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 6. Musical Form: The Building Blocks of Form Theme: A melodic idea used as a building block in music. Thematic development Purcell: Rondeau from Abdelazar Thematic transformation Berlioz: Symphony fantastique Mvt. I Mvt. III Mvt. II Mvt. V Mvt. IV The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 6. Musical Form: The Building Blocks of Form: Theme Sequence Handel: Concerto Grosso, II Purcell: Rondeau from Abdelazar Motive Mozart: Symphony No. 40, I The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 6. Musical Form: The Building Blocks of Form Call-and-response, or responsorial African traditional: “Porter’s Song” Gregorian chant: Whitsunday Mass Ostinato Couperin: “Les barricades misterieuses” The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition http://www.wwnorton.com/college/music/enjoyment-of-music11/complete/ The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th Complete Edition The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 7. Musical Expression: Tempo and Dynamics, The Pace of Music Mozart: Abduction from the Seraglio, Overture Handel: Sampson, “Let the Bright Seraphim” Bach, C. P. E., Trio Sonata, I The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 7. Musical Expression: Tempo and Dynamics, The Pace of Music Glière: “Russian Sailor’s Dance” Smetana: The Moldau The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 7. Musical Expression: Loudness and Softness, Dynamics Strauss: Don Juan Prokofiev: Classical Symphony, III Fauré: Pelléas et Mélisande, “Sicilienne” Mahler: Symphony No. 1, III The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 7. Musical Expression: Moving from One Dynamic to Another Liszt: Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 Smetana: The Moldau The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition 7. Musical Expression: Shaping the Expressive Content of Music Metronome Interpretation Chopin: Fantasie Impromptu (rubato) The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition http://www.wwnorton.com/college/music/enjoyment-of-music11/complete/ The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Complete Edition