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Protein Synthesis Study Guide DNA and RNA • DNA has 2 strands, RNA has 1. • DNA has thymine , RNA has uracil • DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose Nucleotides • Phosphate • 5 carbon sugar • Nitrogenous base DNA • Double helix • Structure discovered by Watson and Crick Proteins • All human proteins are made of a combination of 20 amino acids. • Amino acids are connected by peptide bonds. • Chains of amino acids make up proteins Complementary bases • DNA • T-A • C-G • RNA • A-U • C-G Three processes • Replication: DNA made from DNA • Transcription: mRNA made from DNA • Translation: mRNA pairs up with tRNA Mutations • Insertion: one more base • Deletion: one less base • Inversion: a segment is flipped, but the number of bases is unchanged • Mutagen: an agent in the environment that can change DNA The bases • Purines: 2 rings, Adenine, Guanine • Pyrimidines: 1 ring, Thymine (in DNA), Uracil (in RNA), and Cytosine • 3 base sequence in mRNA is a codon • 3 base sequencein tRNA is an anti-codon In the cell • DNA is always found in the nucleus only • Protein synthesis takes place at the ribosome, which is made of rRNA.
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