Download Memristors by Quantum Mechanics

Cosmic Dust and
Cosmology
Thomas Prevenslik
QED Radiations
Discovery Bay, Hong Kong, China
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APRIM 2014 - 12th Asia-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting - August 18-22, Daejeon Korea
Introduction
Since Hubble, cosmology based on Doppler’s redshift
considers the Universe as finite beginning and expanding ever
since the Big Bang.
If, however, Hubble’s redshift is shown to have a non-Doppler
origin, the Universe need not be expanding.
Redshift without an expanding Universe is of utmost
importance as the outstanding problems in cosmology would
be resolved by Newtonian Mechanics.
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APRIM 2014 - 12th Asia-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting - August 18-22, Daejeon Korea
Dusty Galaxies
NGC 3314
Dust affects redshift measurements
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APRIM 2014 - 12th Asia-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting - August 18-22, Daejeon Korea
Purpose
Show galaxy light is redshift upon absorption
in NPs of cosmic dust
NP = nanoparticle
(Sub-micron particles < 1 micron)
Purpose is not to show cosmic dust gives the same
redshift as the Doppler redshift, but to show the Doppler
redshift needs to be corrected for cosmic dust
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APRIM 2014 - 12th Asia-Pacific Regional I-AU Meeting - August 18-22, Daejeon Korea
Mechanism
Galaxy light is redshift by QED as its EM energy is absorbed
under the TIR confinement of the cosmic dust NP.
QED = quantum electrodynamics
EM = electromagnetic
TIR = total internal reflection
QED redshift is a consequence of QM that forbids the atoms in
NPs under TIR to increase in temperature upon absorbing the
EM energy of the galaxy photon.
QM = quantum mechanics.
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APRIM 2014 - 12th Asia-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting - August 18-22, Daejeon Korea
Classical Physics
Based on classical physics, astronomers assume the
single galaxy photon increases the NP temperature
( Even used as source of IR spectra)
But QM restrictions deny the atoms in NPs the heat
capacity to change in temperature
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APRIM 2014 - 12th Asia-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting - August 18-22, Daejeon Korea
Planck Energy - E - eV
QM Restrictions
0.1
Classical physics (kT > 0)
kT
0.0258 eV
0.01
0.001
hc
l
E
  hc  
exp  lkT   1
 
 
QM
0.0001
0.00001
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Nanoscale
10
100
Thermal Wavelength - l - microns
1000
Macroscale
Classical physics is valid only for large particles – not NPs
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APRIM 2014 - 12th Asia-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting - August 18-22, Daejeon Korea
Conservation of Energy
Lack of heat capacity by QM forbids EM energy conservation
in NPs by an increase in temperature, but how does
conservation proceed?
Proposal
Under TIR, QED induces the EM energy of the single galaxy
photon to be conserved by emitting light that is redshift
depending on NP material and geometry
(Blueshift can not occur)
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APRIM 2014 - 12th Asia-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting - August 18-22, Daejeon Korea
TIR Confinement
In 1870, Tyndall showed light is confined by TIR in the
surface if the refractive index of the body > surroundings.
Why important?
NPs have high surface to volume ratio.
Absorbed EM energy is confined totally in the NP surface to
directly excite the TIR mode of the NP.
f = (c/n)/l
l = D
E=hf
Thin films l = 2D
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APRIM 2014 - 12th Asia-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting - August 18-22, Daejeon Korea
Expanding Universe?
You know:
Prior to 1910, the Universe was thought static and infinite
In 1916, Einstein‘s theory of relativity required
an expanding or contracting Universe
About 10 years later, Hubble measured the redshift of galaxy
light that by the Doppler Effect was taken as proof of an
expanding Universe.
But you may not know
Cosmic dust of NPs that permeate the ISM can redshift
galaxy light without Universe expansion
ISM = Interstelllar medium
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APRIM 2014 - 12th Asia-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting - August 18-22, Daejeon Korea
QED Redshift
Single galaxy photon
Lyman Alpha
Redshift Photon
NP
l  121.6 nm
lo
l𝑜 − l
Z
=
Surface
Absorption
NPunder
Velocity
QED
l TIR
Redshift
V loZ=+(1+Z)
1 2 −l
1  0.966 !!!
=
2 + 1Universe expansion
Zc > 0Zwithout
In ISM,+D1 < 500
nm.
Take D = 300 nm, n = 1.5  lo = 900 nm
Z = 6.4
APRIM 2014 - 12th Asia-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting - August 18-22, Daejeon Korea
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QED Redshift
1.2
QED Redshift - Z
V/c
10
1
8
0.8
Z
6
0.6
4
0.4
H-
l = 0.656 micron
2
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.2
0
0.25
Galaxy velocity ratio - V/c
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Cosmic Dust NP radius - D/2 - microns
Ly-
l = 0.1217 micron
Amorphous Silicate: n = 1.5
APRIM 2014 - 12th Asia-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting - August 18-22, Daejeon Korea
Redshift v. Wavelength?
Hubble’s redshift by the Doppler effect requires the same Z for
ALL wavelengths
QED induced Z is not the same for ALL wavelengths
Data ? supports Doppler shift at low Z < .05
(Astrophys
J 123, 373-6, 1956)
Support for Doppler at high Z is not always reported
What to do?
To obtain Hubble Z, redshift Zmeas is proposed corrected with
measured Z for Ly- and H- lines,
Z = Zmeas – ( ZLy- - ZH-)
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APRIM 2014 - 12th Asia-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting - August 18-22, Daejeon Korea
Extensions
Based on QED redshift by NPs
Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Effect
Time Dilation of Supernovae Explosions
Tolman Effect
Dark Matter and Energy
Galaxy Rotation Problem
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APRIM 2014 - 12th Asia-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting - August 18-22, Daejeon Korea
Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Effect
The CMB radiation upon interacting with galaxy clusters is
found to blue-shift based on the SZE
CMB = Cosmic Microwave Background
SZE = Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Effect
Z  M and SZE  M  SZE  Z
But the SZE is found to be independent of redshift Z ?
By QED, the redshift Z does not originate inside the
collapsing galaxy clusters, but rather from NPs in the path of
the galaxy cluster to the observer
SZE is indeed independent of Z
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APRIM 2014 - 12th Asia-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting - August 18-22, Daejeon Korea
Supernovae Light Curves
Time dilation of Supernova light curves at low Z that take 20
days to decay will take 40 days to decay at Z =1
(At Invisible Universe - Paris - 2009, Adam Reiss argued dilation by
Universe expansion)
QED redshift differs: Z  NPs and NPs  M  Z  M
At Z = 1 the SN having larger dust mass M takes a longer
time to cool than at low Z
Time dilation observed in SN explosions is caused by thermal
cooling of the mass M of large particles
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APRIM 2014 - 12th Asia-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting - August 18-22, Daejeon Korea
Tolman Test
Tolman assumed the brightness B of an object is not
modified by absorption in cosmic dust
Aging of Supernovae spectra drops inversely with (1+Z)
Blondin et al., “Time Dilation in Type Ia Supernova Spectra at High Redshift.”
Astrophys. J. 682 (2008) 724
QED redshift gives the brightness Bo at the observer :
Bo= hc/lo = hc/(1+Z)l = B /(1+Z)
QED redshift is consistent with SN spectra at the observer
reduced by (1+Z)
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APRIM 2014 - 12th Asia-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting - August 18-22, Daejeon Korea
Mass of Black Holes
The Doppler effect based on optical spectra from orbiting
stars is used to infer the mass of black holes
NPs
Observer
NPs
QED redshift suggests the star moving away from us is
moving faster than it actually is, thereby highly exaggerating
the black hole mass
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APRIM 2014 - 12th Asia-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting - August 18-22, Daejeon Korea
Galaxy Rotation Problem
Cosmic dust asymmetry interpreted as a Doppler shift suggests
the galaxy is rotating faster than it actually is.
The galaxy rotation problem is an anomaly of cosmic dust.
No need for MOND
QED redshift suggests amount of dark matter/energy in the
Universe inferred from spectra of spiral galaxies is exaggerated.
Is Higgs boson necessary?
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APRIM 2014 - 12th Asia-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting - August 18-22, Daejeon Korea
Conclusions
Redshift of light interpreted by the Doppler effect may
grossly exaggerate the velocities of galaxies
Dark energy/matter necessary to hold the galaxies at
high redshift together most likely does not exist
Correct redshift measurements
Z = Zmeas – ( ZLy- - ZH-)
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APRIM 2014 - 12th Asia-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting - August 18-22, Daejeon Korea
Questions & Papers
Email: [email protected]
http://www.nanoqed.org
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APRIM 2014 - 12th Asia-Pacific Regional IAU Meeting - August 18-22, Daejeon Korea