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12-4 Mutations
Are all
mutations
bad?
Objective:
Contrast gene mutations & chromosomal mutations
What is a mutation?
• Changes in genetic information.
• Usually occurs in DNA replication.
Kinds of Mutations
• Gene Mutations: only changes 1 gene
– Point Mutations occur when 1 or a few
nucleotides change.
– Ex:
Oops!
Original
Mutation
DNA: G A T C T C A G G C T A
DNA: G A T C T A A G G C T A
mRNA: C U A G A G U C C G A U
mRNA: C U A G A U U C C G A U
Protien: Leu-Glu-Ser-Asp
Protien: Leu-Asp-Ser-Asp
Kinds of Mutations
• Chromosomal Mutations: change entire DNA
– Frameshift mutations occur when the entire
reading frame changes.
– Ex: A nucleotide gets added (insertion).
A
Original
Mutation
DNA: G A T C T C A G G C T A
DNA: G A T C T A C A G G C T A
mRNA: C U A G A G U C C G A U
mRNA: C U A G A U G U C C G A U
Protien: Leu-Glu-Ser-Asp
Protien: Leu-Asp-Val-Arg
Kinds of Mutations
• Chromosomal Mutations: change entire DNA
– Frameshift mutations occur when the entire
reading frame changes.
– Ex: A nucleotide gets added (insertion).
– Ex: A nucleotide gets taken away (deletion).
Original
Mutation
DNA: G A T C T C A G G C T A
DNA: G A T C T A G G C T A A
mRNA: C U A G A G U C C G A U
mRNA: C U A G A U C C G A U U
Protien: Leu-Glu-Ser-Asp
Protien: Leu-Glu-Ser-Iso
Kinds of Mutations
• Chromosomal Mutations: change entire DNA
– Change in number of chromosomes.
– Ex: Down Syndrome (47 chromosomes)
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