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XML Basics
Hope Greenberg
Center for Teaching & Learning
XML: What, Why, When and How
What is HTML?
• A set of markup tags for encoding elements of
web documents.
• Encoding is the addition of codes to text in
order to make it possible for a computer to
process that text.
• Interpretation of elements is built into a web
browser, helped by CSS.
• Presentational (sort of) not semantic.
• Looks like:
<p>Hello world.</p>
<p class=“green”>Hello world.</p>
XML: What, Why, When and How
What is XML?
• A markup language for describing structured
documents.
• Allows for creation of elements based on need.
• Designed to be semantic (meaning is separate
from presentation).
• Looks like:
<p>Hello world.</p>
• But can also look like:
<para>Hello world.</para>
XML: What, Why, When and How
What is the TEI?
• Text Encoding Initiative founded in 1987.
• Guidelines for encoding machine-readable texts in
the humanities and social sciences.
• Includes standardized ways to mark up a
document’s semantics.
XML: What, Why, When and How
Why use the TEI?
• With HTML you could do this:
<p>Enter KING.</p>
<p>Queen.</p>
<p> Alas, look here, my lord.</p>
<p> Ophelia speaks </p>
<p> Oph.</p>
<p>Song.</p>
<p>Larded all with sweet flowers,</p>
XML: What, Why, When and How
Why use the TEI?
• With CSS you could add some classification:
<p.stage>Enter KING.</p>
<p.speaker>Queen.</p>
<p.speech> Alas, look here, my lord.</p>
<p.stage> Ophelia speaks </p>
• and then tell the CSS to make each class LOOK
different.
XML: What, Why, When and How
Why use the TEI?
<stage>Enter KING.</stage>
<sp who="Queen” type=“female”>
<speaker >Queen.</speaker>
<l n="37" part="Y"> Alas, look here, my lord.</l>
</sp>
<sp who="Oph” type=“female”>
<speaker>Ophelia</speaker>
<stage>Song. </stage>
<l n="38"> Larded all with sweet flowers,</l>
XML: What, Why, When and How
XML: The Pieces
css
web
xhtml.xsl
XML
File
print.xsl
mobil.xsl
Schema/DTD
Parser
Mobil
device
XML: What, Why, When and How
XML File: The Pieces
• Declaration (what am I?)
• Processing Instructions (what will you do with
me?)
• Elements (what am I made of?)
– (tag, attributes, content: PCDATA)
• Entities (what else do we need?)
– Character, files,
• Comments (secret messages)
• CDATA (just like this or else…)
XML: What, Why, When and How
XML File: The Pieces
• Declaration
<?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“UTF-16”
standalone=“yes”>
• Processing instruction
<?xml-stylesheet href=“classic.xsl”
type=“text/xml”?>
XML: What, Why, When and How
XML File: The Pieces
• Elements
(tag, attributes, content: PCDATA)
<p>Hello World!</p>
<p type=“cliched”>Hello World!</p>
• Entities
– Character
&amp;
&#x26;
&#38;
– Text or other: external
<!ENTITY lady SYSTEM “http://www.uvm.edu/~hag/lady.jpeg
NDATA jpeg><figure entity=“lady”></figure>
XML: What, Why, When and How
XML File: Some Rules
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XML tags are case sensitive.
All XML elements must have a closing tag.
All XML elements must be properly nested.
All XML documents must have a root element.
Attribute values must always be quoted.