Download TBI Definition

Traumatic Brain Injury Definition
• Injury to the brain (not including conditions
present at birth, birth trauma, or degenerative
diseases or conditions) resulting in total or partial
disability or psychosocial maladjustment that
affects educational performance; may affect
cognition, language, memory, attention,
reasoning, abstract thinking, judgment, problem
solving, sensory or perceptual and motor
disabilities, psychosocial behavior, physical
functions, information processing, or speech.
TBI Definition Cont.
• Closed – caused by a blow to the head from
an auto crash, assault, fall, etc.
• Open – caused when an object (or fragment)
goes through the skull and into the brain.
Could be from an accident, assault, bullet, etc.
TBI Categories Mild
• Concussion with brief (<15 minutes) or no loss
of consciousness.
• Usually no complications, i.e. hematoma.
• Can have normal neurological exam.
• Symptoms usually improve over 1-3 months.
• 75% of all brain injuries.
TBI Categories Moderate
• Loss of consciousness for minutes to hours.
• Confusion lasts for days or weeks afterwards.
TBI Categories Severe
• Loss of consciousness for days, weeks, or even
longer.
Long Term Consequences
• May affect Mental Activities
– Cognitive skills, Language skills, Perceptual Skills
• May affect Physical Abilities
– Movement skills, Sensory skills,
Maintenance/Health
• May affect Psychosocial Abilities
– Personality changes, Psychological states,
Relationship changes
TBI General Symptoms
• Vision changes: blurred,
double
• Dizziness
• Vomiting
• Headache
• Confusion
• Dilated pupils
• Lethargy
• Difficulty thinking
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Difficulty speaking
Numbness, tingling
Slow pulse, breathing
Ringing in the ears
Spinal fluid coming out
of the ears
• Loss of consciousness
• Respiratory Failure
• Coma
Eligibility for Special Education
• The student had an acquired injury to the brain
following a period of normal development
• Injury was caused by an external physical force
• Injury caused adverse affects upon student’s
educational performance
Eligibility for Special Education- Areas
affected
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Cognition
Memory
Reasoning
Communication
Problem Solving
Physical Functions
Psychosocial Behavior
Executive Functions
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Speech & Language
Attention
Abstract Thinking
Judgment
Sensory, Perceptual and
Motor Abilities
• Information Processing
Research Based Practices
• After an 8-year follow-up the following proved to be
effective in supporting students with TBI
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Daily Routine
Positive Momentum
Reduction of Errors
Escape Communication
Adult Communication Style
Graphic Advance Organizers
Goal-Plan-Do-Review Routine
Appropriate Accommodations
• The following strategies are essential for appropriate
education of students with TBI:
– Transition from a hospital or rehabilitation center to the
school
– A team approach involving regular and special educators,
other special teachers, guidance counselor,
administrators, and the student’s family.
– An individualized education program concerned with
cognitive, social/behavioral, and sensorimotor domains.
Appropriate Accommodations Cont.
• Educational procedures to help students solve
problems in focusing and sustaining attention for
long periods, remembering previously learned
information, learning new things and appropriate
social behavior
• Emphasis on the cognitive processes in which
academic skills are learned
• Plans for addressing long-term needs
Getting Back to School
• A large problem with TBI students is getting back
into school
• The student sees themselves as having not changed,
they just had an accident
• Reintegration with their peers and in a classroom
setting can be difficult and support is needed
• Assessment should be done through a support team
TBI Misc. Information
• Causes (MN)
– #1 is falls
– #2 is motor vehicle crashes
– #3 is external force applied to head or neck
– #4 is Shaken Baby Syndrome
TBI Misc. Information Cont.
• 5.3 million Americans have a TBI (94,000 in
MN)
• In the US, a TBI occurs every 15 seconds,
resulting in 5000 new TBIs per day or about 2
million a year
– 50,000 of these cases result in death, annually
– TBI is the leading cause of death and disability
among children and young adults until age 44
TBI Misc. Information Cont.
• More than 50% of all motor vehicle crashes,
resulting in a TBI, involve alcohol
• Each year 230,000 persons are hospitalized
with a TBI and survive
• Highest prevelance among males age 15-24
– Male 2X as likely to receive a TBI than females
TBI Strategies
• ABC Model
– “A” – Antecedent
– “B” – Behavior
– “C” – Consequence
Resources
• Brain Injury Association of Minnesota
– www.braininjurymn.org