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Figure S1 Subgroup analyses for the association between postdiagnostic β-blocker use and all-cause and cancer-specific mortality according to suffering from immortal time bias. References Assayag J, Pollak MN, Azoulay L (2014). Post-diagnostic use of beta-blockers and the risk of death in patients with prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer 50:2838-2845. Aydiner A, Ciftci R, Karabulut S, Kilic L (2013). Does beta-blocker therapy improve the survival of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer? Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 14:6109-6114. Botteri E, Munzone E, Rotmensz N, Cipolla C, De Giorgi V, Santillo B, et al. (2013). Therapeutic effect of beta-blockers in triple-negative breast cancer postmenopausal women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 140:567-575. Cardwell CR, Coleman HG, Murray LJ, Entschladen F, Powe DG (2013). Beta-blocker usage and breast cancer survival: a nested case-control study within a UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink cohort. Int J Epidemiol 42:1852-1861. Cata JP, Villarreal J, Keerty D, Thakar DR, Liu DD, Sood AK, et al. (2014). Perioperative beta-blocker use and survival in lung cancer patients. J Clin Anesth 26:106-117. Chae YK, Dimou A, Pierce S, Kantarjian H, Andreeff M (2014). The effect of calcium channel blockers on the outcome of acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 55:2822-2829. De Giorgi V, Gandini S, Grazzini M, Benemei S, Marchionni N, Geppetti P (2014). In reply--Effect of beta-adrenergic blockers and other antihypertensive drugs on the risk of melanoma recurrence and death. Mayo Clin Proc 89:1167-1168. Diaz ES, Karlan BY, Li AJ (2012). Impact of beta blockers on epithelial ovarian cancer survival. Gynecol Oncol 127:375-378. Grytli HH, Fagerland MW, Fossa SD, Tasken KA (2014). Association between use of beta-blockers and prostate cancer-specific survival: a cohort study of 3561 prostate cancer patients with high-risk or metastatic disease. Eur Urol 65:635-641. Hicks BM, Murray LJ, Powe DG, Hughes CM, Cardwell CR (2013). beta-Blocker usage and colorectal cancer mortality: a nested case-control study in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink cohort. Ann Oncol 24:3100-3106. Holmes MD, Hankinson SE, Feskanich D, Chen WY (2013). Beta blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors' purported benefit on breast cancer survival may be explained by aspirin use. Breast Cancer Res Treat 139:507-513. Jansen L, Hoffmeister M, Arndt V, Chang-Claude J, Brenner H (2014). Stage-specific associations between beta blocker use and prognosis after colorectal cancer. Cancer 120:1178-1186. Livingstone E, Hollestein LM, van Herk-Sukel MP, van de Poll-Franse L, Nijsten T, Schadendorf D, et al. (2013). beta-Blocker use and all-cause mortality of melanoma patients: results from a population-based Dutch cohort study. Eur J Cancer 49:3863-3871. McCourt C, Coleman HG, Murray LJ, Cantwell MM, Dolan O, Powe DG, et al. (2014). Beta-blocker usage after malignant melanoma diagnosis and survival: a population-based nested case-control study. Br J Dermatol 170:930-938. Melhem-Bertrandt A, Chavez-Macgregor M, Lei X, Brown EN, Lee RT, Meric-Bernstam F, et al. (2011). Beta-blocker use is associated with improved relapse-free survival in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 29:2645-2652. Wang HM, Liao ZX, Komaki R, Welsh JW, O'Reilly MS, Chang JY, et al. (2013). Improved survival outcomes with the incidental use of beta-blockers among patients with non-small-cell lung cancer treated with definitive radiation therapy. Ann Oncol 24:1312-1319. Yusuf SW, Daraban N, Abbasi N, Lei X, Durand JB, Daher IN (2012). Treatment and outcomes of acute coronary syndrome in the cancer population. Clin Cardiol 35:443-450.