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Summary Slides
Part 3
1
For Lecture 3 Exam
 The whole test is matching. Be able to match the
following with their description:
 Virulence factors/enzymes
 The three hemolysis patterns
 Disease terms
 Toxins
 Match the disease to the organism
 Know which diseases have which vectors (invertebrates PPT)
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Virulence Factors
 Adhesins (to adhere)
• Enzymes
 Invasins (to get into cells)
 Endotoxin (LPS, LOS, and Lipid A)
 Exotoxins
 Cytotoxins (kills cells)
 Enterotoxin (GI upset)
 Neurotoxins (disrupts nerves)
 H Ag (flagella allows motility)
 K Ag (capsule)
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β lactamase (deactivates penicillins)
Ribosylase (causes diarrhea)
Catalase
Coagulase (causes blood clots)
Staphylokinase (dissolves blood clots)
Streptokinase (dissolves blood clots)
IgA or IgG protease (deactivates Ab’s)
Hyaluronidase (can move thru tissues)
SOD (superoxide dismutase;
deactivates WBC lysosomes)
 Angiotrophic ability (pulls blood vessels close)
 Facultative intracellular pathogens (can survive with and without O2)
 MDR plasmids (genetic drug resistance)
 PG (prostaglandins; promotes inflammation)
Hemolysis
 Hemolysin Patterns:
  (alpha hemolysis; partially breaks down RBC
membranes. Turn blood agar green)
  (beta hemolysis; completely ruptures RBCs.
Turns blood agar clear)
  (gamma hemolysis is no RBC lysis; no color
change on blood agar)
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Disease Terms
 Furuncle (boil; infected hair follicles)
 Carbuncles (mass of boils)
 Cellulitis/ soft tissue infections.
 Scalded Skin Syndrome  exfolatin toxin from Staph aureus
 Necrotizing Faciitis: destroys muscle and fat tissue
 Toxic Shock: Bacteremia (bacteria in blood) and multisystem failure
 Enterointoxication (enterotoxin-mediated diarrhea). This is Dz, not
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infection.
Pneumonia (fluid in the lungs)
Osteomyelitis (bone infection). Requires 6-8 weeks of iv antibiotics
Renal Abscess  infarcts (seeds from renal artery, forms abscess, clots
blood beyond that site)
Endocarditis (heart valve infection) --> destruction of valve --> blood clot
forms, breaks off, travels as a septic embolism
Outer membrane
Peptidoglycan
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GRAM NEGATIVE
GRAM POSITIVE
ENDOTOXINS
(GRAM NEGATIVE ONLY)
O Antigen
Inner plasma membrane
LPS
Cell Wall
Lipid A
(endotoxin)
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LPS
(LOS is LPS with a smaller O antigen)
Outer plasma
membrane
Bacteria list
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Gram Positive bacteria
 Gram Positive Cocci
 Staphylococcus
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S. aureus
S. haemolyticus
S. epidermidis
S. saprophyticus
 Streptococcus
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Group A (Strep. Pyogenes)
Group B (Streptococcus agalactiae)
Group D (Enterococcus faecalis)
Viridins (Steptococcus pneumoniae)
• Gram Positive Rods
• Bacillis cereus
• Bacillis anthracis
• Clostridium perfringins
• Clostridium difficile
• Clostridium botulinum
• Clostridium tetani
• Listeria
• Proprionibacterium acnes
• Corynebacterium diptheriae
• Nocordia asteroides
• Actinomyces israelii
• Acid-fast bacteria
• Mycobacterium tuburclulosis
• Mycobacterium leprae
• Non-acid-fast, non-gram staining
• Mycoplasma pneuomoniae
Exotoxins and their classification
 Cytotoxins
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Verotoxin (Shigella-like toxin; E. coli EHEC)
AB toxin (Kills colon epithelium; E. coli EHEC)
Toxic Shock Syndrome toxin (Staph aureus)
Exfolatin (Scalded Skin Syndrome; Staph aureus)
Necrotizing Fasciitis Toxin (group A Strep)
Anthrax
Diphtheria
Pertussis and tracheal cytotoxin
 Enterotoxins
 Neurotoxins
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 Botulism
 Tetanus
Gram positive exotoxins (no endotoxins)
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Cytotoxins (TSS, NF, exfolatin), Neurotoxin, Enterotoxin
Staphylococcus aureus
Cytotoxin, Enterotoxin
Clostridium difficile
Clostridium perfringens
Cytotoxin, Enterotoxin
Neurotoxin (botulism toxin)
Clostridium botulinum
Neurotoxin (Tetanus toxin)
Clostridium tetani
Enterotoxin
Bacillus cereus
Cytotoxin (Anthrax toxin)
Bacillus anthracis
Cytotoxin (Diphtheria toxin)
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
What Diseases do these cause?
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Gram Positive bacteria
 Gram Positive Cocci
 Staphylococcus
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S. aureus
S. haemolyticus
S. epidermidis
S. saprophyticus
Food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome, impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles,
toxic shock, bacteremia, endocarditis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, MRSA
Skin infections
Wound and internal fixation devices infections
UTI
 Streptococcus
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Group A (Strep. Pyogenes)
Group B (Streptococcus agalactiae)
Group D (Enterococcus faecalis)
Viridins (Steptococcus pneumoniae)
Strep throat, Scarlet fever, Impetigo, Toxic Shock
Syndrome, Necrotizing fasciitis, Rheumatic fever
neonatal sepsis and meningitis in infants
Nosocomial infections
Pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis,
cavities, sinus and ear infections
What Diseases do these cause?
• Gram Positive Rods
Food poisoning
• Bacillis cereus
anthrax
• Bacillis anthracis
Food poisoning, gas gangrene
• Clostridium perfringins
Diarrhea from antibiotics, pseudomembranous colitis
• Clostridium difficile
Botulism
• Clostridium botulinum
Tetanus
• Clostridium tetani
Food poisoning
• Listeria
acne
• Proprionibacterium acnes
Diphtheria
• Corynebacterium diptheriae
Pneumonia, wounds, CNS infections
• Nocordia asteroides
• Actinomyces israelii
Maxillary osteomyelitis, human bite wounds
• Acid-fast bacteria
Tuberculosis
• Mycobacterium tuburclulosis
Hansen’s disease
• Mycobacterium leprae
• Non-acid-fast, non-gram staining
Walking pneumonia
• Mycoplasma pneuomoniae
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Gram Negative Bacteria
Not Enterobacteriaceae
Enterobacteriaceae
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E. coli
Enterobacter aerogenes
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Proteus vulgaris
Serratia marcescens
Campylobacter jejuni
Salmonella typhi
Shigella dysenteriae
Yersinia enterocolitica and pestis
NOTE: All of the organisms on
this slide are rods except
Neisseria, which are cocci
(diplococci).
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Neisseria gonorrhea and meningitis
Vibrio cholerae
Helicobacteri pylori
Haemophilus influenzae
Bordetella pertussis
Francisella tularensis
Brucella
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Rickettsia spp
Chlamydia spp
Legionella
Bartonella spp
Pasturella multocida
Spirochetes
 Treponema pallidum
 Borelia burgdorferi
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E. coli strains/serotypes
 most normal flora E. coli are non-pathogenic in
intestinal tract
 pathogenic strains:
 EPEC (enteropathic)
 ETEC (enterotoxic)
 EHEC (enterohemorrhagic)
 EIEC (enteroinvasive)
 EAEC (enteroaggregative)
 UPEC (uropathogenic)
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What Diseases Do These Cause?
Enterobacteriaceae
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E. coli
Diarrhea, septicemia, UTI
Diarrhea, pneumonia, septicemia
Enterobacter aerogenes
Pneumonia, septicemia
Klebsiella pneumoniae
UTI, diarrhea, nosocomial wound infections
Proteus vulgaris
UTI, wound infections (catheters), pink grout
Serratia marcescens
Diarrhea from poultry, sick puppies; septicemia
Campylobacter jejuni
Salmonella typhi
Diarrhea and typhoid fever; feces on food, raw
chicken, reptiles
 Shigella dysenteriae
 Yersinia enterocolitica
 Yersinia pestis
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Bloody diarrhea from human feces
Diarrhea; lymph node inflammation
Bubonic (black) plaque
What Diseases Do These Cause?
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Neisseria gonorrhea
Neisseria meningitis
Vibrio cholerae
Helicobacteri pylori
Haemophilus influenzae
Bordetella pertussis
Francisella tularensis
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Gonorrhea
Meningitis
Cholera
Stomach and duodenal ulcers
Meningitis (infants), conjunctivitis, STD, endocarditis
Whooping cough, kennel cough in dogs
Rabbit Fever
What Diseases Do These Cause?
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Undulant fever, abortions
Brucella
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Infects ulcers and burns, cellulitis, otitis
Rickettsia spp
Rocky Mt spotted fever, endemic and epidemic typhus
Chlamydia spp
STD and trachoma
Legionnaires’ disease (pneumonia)
Legionella
Bartonella spp
Carrion's disease, Trench Fever, Cat Scratch Fever
Bird Cholera
Pasturella multocida
Vectors and their Diseases
Organism
Francisella tularensis
Disease
Tularemia (“Rabbit Fever”)
Rickettsia rickettsii
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Vector
Dermacentor ticks (hard tick) and
deer flies
Ticks
Rickettsia typhi
Endemic typhus
Fleas
Rickettsia prowazekii
Epidemic typhus
Lice
Bartonella bacilliformis
Carrión’s Disease
Sand flies
Borrelia burgdorferi
Lyme Disease
Ixodes ticks (hard tick)
Borrelia recurrentis
Epidemic Relapsing Fever
Lice
Borrelia hermsii
Endemic Relapsing Fever
Ornithodoros (Soft tick)
Yersinia pestis
Bubonic plague
Fleas
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Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
A. Class Cestoda -tapeworms
1. Taenia: pork or beef taeniasis; cysticercosis in muscles
Taenia pisiformis – dog or cat tapeworm
B. Class Trematoda - Flukes
2. Clonorchis sinensis - liver fluke: granulomas
3. Fasciolopsis buski - giant intestinal fluke
4. Schistosoma mansoni- blood fluke:
schistosomiasis and swimmer’s itch
C. Class Turbellaria - free-living flatworms, not parasitic
5. Planaria spp.
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Phylum Nematoda
A. roundworms
1. Pinworms
Enterobius vermicularis: Enterobiasis
2. Other Roundworms
Ascaris lumbricoides (intestinal round worm): ascariasis
Toxicara canis and catis (dog and cat): VLM in humans
Wuchereria bancrofti: Elephantitis
Loa Loa: Filariasis (eye worm)
B. Hookworms
Necator americanus
Ancylostoma braziliense (dog and cat):
CLM in humans; Loeffler’s syndrome in human lungs
C. Threadworms
Trichinella spiralis: Trichinellosis in muscle
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Phylum Analida
Segmented Worms
A. Class Hirudinea
1. Hirudo medicinalis (leech)
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Phylum Arthropoda
 Class Arachnia (ticks and mites)
 Hard Ticks
 Dermacenter
Ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia spp)
 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)
 Ixodes
 Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)
 Babbesiosis (Babesia microti; USA protozoa)
 Amblyomma
 Ehrlickiosis
 Soft Ticks
 Ornithidoros
 Endemic Relapsing Fever
 Tick paralysis
 Mites
 Sarcoptes scabiei (itch mite)
 Dermatophagoides (dust mite)
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Phylum Arthropoda
• Class Insecta (fleas and lice)
– Fleas
• Bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis)
• Endemic typhus (Rickettsia typhi)
• Tapeworms in pets
– Lice
• Pediculus humanis corporus (human body louse)
– Epidemic Typhus (Rickettsia prowasekii)
– Epidemic Relapsing Fever (Borrelia recurrentis )
• Pthirus pubis-(crab louse)
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