Download Nerve activates contraction

Functions of the Nervous System
 Sensory input – ___________________
 __________________________________
__________________________________
 Changes = ________________________
 Integration
 __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 7.1a
Functions of the Nervous System
 Motor output
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
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Slide 7.1b
Structural Classification of the
Nervous System
 Central nervous system (CNS)
 ___________________________
 ___________________________
 Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
 __________________________________
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Slide 7.2
Functional Classification of the
Peripheral Nervous System
 Sensory (afferent) division
 __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Figure 7.1
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Slide 7.3a
Functional Classification of the
Peripheral Nervous System
 Motor (efferent) division
 __________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Figure 7.1
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Slide 7.3b
Functional Classification of the
Peripheral Nervous System
 Motor (efferent) division
 Two subdivisions
 ___________________________________
 ___________________________________
Figure 7.1
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Slide 7.3c
Nervous Tissue: Support Cells
(Neuroglia)
 Astrocytes
 ____________________________________
 __________________
 __________________
__________________
__________________
 __________________
_________________
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Figure 7.3a
Slide 7.5
Nervous Tissue: Support Cells
 Microglia
 __________________
 __________________
 Ependymal cells
 __________________
__________________
__________________
 __________________
_______________
Figure 7.3b, c
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Slide 7.6
Nervous Tissue: Support Cells
 Oligodendrocytes
 ______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
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Figure 7.3d
Slide 7.7a
Nervous Tissue: Support Cells
 Satellite cells
 __________________________________
 Schwann cells
 __________________________________
__________________________________
Figure 7.3e
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Slide 7.7b
Nervous Tissue: Neurons
 Neurons = _______________________
 __________________________________
 Major regions of neurons
 Cell body –
_________________________________
_________________________________
 Processes –
_________________________________
_________________________________
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Slide 7.8
Neuron Anatomy
 Cell body
 Nissl
substance –
____________
____________
____________
____________
 Neurofibrils –
____________
____________
____________
____________
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Figure 7.4a
Slide 7.9a
Neuron Anatomy
 Cell body
 __________
 __________
__________
Figure 7.4a
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Slide 7.9b
Neuron Anatomy
 Extensions
outside the cell
body
 Dendrites –
_____________
_____________
_____________
 Axons –
_____________
_____________
_____________
Figure 7.4a
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Slide 7.10
Axons and Nerve Impulses
 ________________________________
 Axonal terminals contain
________________________________
 Axonal terminals are
________________________________
 Synaptic cleft –
__________________________________
 Synapse – _________________________
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Slide 7.11
Nerve Fiber Coverings
 Schwann cells –
_________________
_________________
_________________
 Nodes of Ranvier –
_________________
_________________
_________________
Figure 7.5
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Slide 7.12
Neuron Cell Body Location
 Most are found in the
________________________________
 Gray matter –
__________________________________
 Nuclei –
__________________________________
__________________________________
 Ganglia –
________________________________
________________________________
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Slide 7.13
Functional Classification of Neurons
 Sensory (afferent) neurons
 __________________________________
 Cutaneous sense organs
 Proprioceptors – ___________________
 Motor (efferent) neurons
 __________________________________
__________________________________
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Slide 7.14a
Functional Classification of Neurons
 Interneurons (association neurons)
 __________________________________
__________________________________
 __________________________________
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Slide 7.14b
Structural Classification of Neurons
 Multipolar neurons –
________________________________
________________________________
Figure 7.8a
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Slide 7.16a
Structural Classification of Neurons
 Bipolar neurons –
________________________________
________________________________
Figure 7.8b
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Slide 7.16b
Structural Classification of Neurons
 Unipolar neurons –
________________________________
________________________________
Figure 7.8c
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Slide 7.16c
Functional Properties of Neurons
 Irritability – ______________________
 Conductivity –
________________________________
________________________________
 The plasma membrane at rest is
polarized
 __________________________________
__________________________________
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Slide 7.17
Starting a Nerve Impulse
 Depolarization –
___________________
___________________
___________________
 A deploarized
membrane allows
___________________
___________________
 The exchange of ions
initiates
___________________
___________________
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Figure 7.9a–c
Slide 7.18
The Action Potential
 If the action potential (nerve impulse)
starts,
________________________________
________________________________
 Potassium ions rush out of the neuron
after sodium ions rush in,
________________________________
 The sodium-potassium pump restores
________________________________
 This action requires __________________
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Slide 7.19
Nerve Impulse Propagation
 The impulse
continues
________________
________________
 Impulses travel
faster when
________________
________________
Figure 7.9c–e
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 7.20
Continuation of the Nerve Impulse
between Neurons
 ________________________________
________________________________
 ____________________ is released from a
nerve’s axon terminal
 The dendrite of the next neuron has
receptors that are stimulated by the
neurotransmitter
 An ___________________ is started in the
dendrite
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 7.21
The Reflex Arc
 Reflex –
________________________________
________________________________
 Reflex arc –
________________________________
________________________________
Figure 7.11a
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Slide 7.23
Types of Reflexes and Regulation
 Autonomic reflexes
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
 Somatic reflexes
______________________________
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Slide 7.25
Central Nervous System (CNS)
 ________________________________
________________________________
 The neural tube becomes the brain and
spinal cord
 The opening of the neural tube becomes
the ventricles
 _________________________________
 _________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 7.26
Regions of the Brain
 ____________
____________
____________
 ____________
 ____________
 ____________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7.12
Slide 7.27
Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)
 ___________
___________
___________
___________
 ___________
___________
___________
___________
Figure 7.13a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 7.28a
Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)
 The surface
is made of
___________
___________
___________
___________
___________
Figure 7.13a
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Slide 7.28b
Lobes of the Cerebrum
 ________________________________
________________________________
 Surface lobes of the cerebrum
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 7.29a
Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum
 Somatic sensory area –
________________________________
________________________________
 Primary motor area –
________________________________
________________________________
 Broca’s area –
________________________________
________________________________
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Slide 7.30
Specialized Area of the Cerebrum
 Cerebral areas involved in special
senses
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
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Slide 7.32a
Specialized Area of the Cerebrum
 Interpretation areas of the cerebrum
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
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Slide 7.32b
Layers of the Cerebrum
 Gray matter
 _____________
 _____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
Figure 7.13a
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Slide 7.33a
Layers of the Cerebrum
 White matter
 _____________
_____________
_____________
 Example:
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
Figure 7.13a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 7.33b
Layers of the Cerebrum
 Basal nuclei –
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
Figure 7.13a
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Slide 7.33c
Diencephalon
 ________________________________
 ________________________________
 Made of three parts
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
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Slide 7.34a
Thalamus
 Surrounds the ____________________
 ________________________________
________________________________
 ________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
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Slide 7.35
Hypothalamus
 Under the _______________________
 Important autonomic nervous system
center
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
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Slide 7.36a
Hypothalamus
 An important part of the
________________________________
(emotions)
 The pituitary gland is attached to the
________________________________
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Slide 7.36b
Epithalamus
 Forms the _______________________
 ________________________________
________________________________
 ________________________________
________________________________
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Slide 7.37
Brain Stem
 Attaches to the ___________________
 Parts of the brain stem
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
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Slide 7.38a
Midbrain
 Mostly composed of
________________________________
 ________________________________
________________________________
 Has four rounded protrusions –
corpora quadrigemina
 __________________________________
__________________________________
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Slide 7.39
Pons
 The bulging center part of the
________________________________
 ________________________________
________________________________
 ________________________________
________________________________
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Slide 7.40
Medulla Oblongata




________________________________
Merges into the ___________________
Includes important fiber tracts
Contains important control centers
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
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Slide 7.41
Reticular Formation
 ________________________________
________________________________
 ________________________________
________________________________
 Reticular activating system plays a role
in
________________________________
________________________________
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Slide 7.42a
Cerebellum
 ________________________________
________________________________
 ________________________________
________________________________
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Slide 7.43a
Protection of the Central Nervous
System
 ________________________________
 ________________________________
 __________
Figure 7.16a
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Slide 7.44a
Protection of the Central Nervous
System
 ________________________________
 ________________________________
Figure 7.16a
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Slide 7.44b
Meninges
 Dura mater
 __________________________________
 Periosteum –
_________________________________
 Meningeal layer –
_________________________________
______________________________
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Slide 7.45a
Meninges
 Arachnoid layer
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 Pia mater
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
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Slide 7.45b
Cerebrospinal Fluid
 Similar to ________________________
 Formed by the ____________________
 ________________________________
________________________________
 Circulated in
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
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Slide 7.46
Blood Brain Barrier
 ________________________________
________________________________
 ________________________________
________________________________
 Useless against some substances
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 7.48
Traumatic Brain Injuries
 Concussion
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 Contusion
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 Cerebral edema
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
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Slide 7.49
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
 Commonly called a ________________
 ________________________________
________________________________
 ________________________________
________________________________
 ________________________________
________________________________
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Slide 7.50
Alzheimer’s Disease
 ________________________________
 Mostly seen in the
________________________________
________________________________
 Structural changes in the brain include
________________________________
________________________________
 Victims experience
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
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Slide 7.51
Spinal Cord
 __________________________________
__________________________________
 Below T12 is the
__________________________________
__________________________________
 __________________________________
__________________________________
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Slide 7.52
Spinal Cord Anatomy
 Exterior white mater –
________________________________
Figure 7.19
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Slide 7.53a
Spinal Cord Anatomy
 Internal gray matter ________________________________
 Dorsal (posterior) horns
 Anterior (ventral) horns
Figure 7.19
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Slide 7.53b
Spinal Cord Anatomy
 Central canal filled with
________________________________
Figure 7.19
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Slide 7.53c
Spinal Cord Anatomy
 _______________cover the spinal cord
 Nerves leave at the level of each
vertebrae
 _______________________________
 Associated with the dorsal root ganglia –
collections of cell bodies outside the central
nervous system
___________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 7.54
Peripheral Nervous System
 ________________________________
________________________________
 Nerve = _________________________
 Neuron fibers are bundled by
________________________________
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Slide 7.55
Structure of a Nerve
 ________________
________________
________________
 ________________
________________
________________
 ________________
________________
________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7.20
Slide 7.56
Classification of Nerves
 Mixed nerves –
________________________________
________________________________
 Afferent (sensory) nerves –
________________________________
________________________________
 Efferent (motor) nerves –
________________________________
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Slide 7.57
Cranial Nerves
 ________________________________
________________________________
 ________________________________
 ________________________________
________________________________
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Slide 7.58
Cranial Nerves
 I Olfactory nerve – ________________
 II Optic nerve – __________________
 III Oculomotor nerve –
________________________________
 IV Trochlear –
________________________________
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Slide 7.60
Cranial Nerves
 V Trigeminal nerve –
________________________________
________________________________
 VI Abducens nerve –
________________________________
 VII Facial nerve –
________________________________
 VIII Vestibulocochlear nerve –
________________________________
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Slide 7.61
Cranial Nerves
 IX Glossopharyngeal nerve –
________________________________
 X Vagus nerves –
________________________________
 XI Accessory nerve –
________________________________
 XII Hypoglossal nerve –
________________________________
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Slide 7.62
Spinal Nerves
 There is a pair of spinal nerves at the
level of each vertebrae for a total of
________________________________
 Spinal nerves are formed by the
combination of the
________________________________
 Spinal nerves are named for the
________________________________
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Slide 7.63
Anatomy of Spinal Nerves
 Spinal nerves
divide soon after
leaving the spinal
cord
 Dorsal rami –
_________________
_________________
_________________
 Ventral rami –
_________________
_________________
_________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7.22b
Slide 7.65
Autonomic Nervous System
 The ___________________________
of the nervous system
 ________________________________
 Divided into two divisions
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
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Slide 7.67
Differences Between Somatic and
Autonomic Nervous Systems
 Nerves
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
__________________________________
 Effector organs
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
__________________________________
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Slide 7.68a
Differences Between Somatic and
Autonomic Nervous Systems
 Nerurotransmitters
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
__________________________________
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Slide 7.68b
Anatomy of the Sympathetic
Division
 Originates from ___________________
 ________________________________
________________________________
 Short pre-ganglionic neuron and long
postganglionic neuron transmit impulse
from ____________________________
 Norepinephrine and epinephrine are
neurotransmitters to the ____________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 7.70
Anatomy of the Parasympathetic
Division
 Originates from the
________________________________
________________________________
 Terminal ganglia are at the
________________________________
 Always uses ___________________ as
a neurotransmitter
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 7.72
Autonomic Functioning
 Sympathetic – ____________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 Remember as the “E” division =
__________________________________
__________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 7.74a
Autonomic Functioning
 Parasympathetic –
________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
__________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 7.74b
Development Aspects of the
Nervous System
 The nervous system is formed during
the
________________________________
________________________________
 ________________________________
________________________________
 The _______________________ is one
of the last areas of the brain to develop
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 7.75a
Development Aspects of the
Nervous System
 No more neurons are formed
_______________________, but
growth and maturation continues for
several years
 The brain reaches
__________________ as a young adult
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 7.75b