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Transcript 
Mechanics of Respiration
• Inspiration
• Resting
– Diaphragm
• Active
– Diaphragm
– External intercostal
muscles
Copyright © 2006 by Elsevier, Inc.
Diaphragm
Mechanics of Respiration
• Inspiration
• Active
– Diaphragm
– external intercostals Spine
External
Intercostals
ribs
Copyright © 2006 by Elsevier, Inc.
Mechanics of Respiration
• Expiration
• Resting
• passive process
• elastic properties of
lung
• Active
• Abdominals
decrease chest volumes
Active exhalation abdominal compression
Active inspiration abdominal relaxation
Copyright © 2006 by Elsevier, Inc.
Mechanics of Respiration
• Expiration
Spine
• Active
• Internal intercostals
Internal
Intercostals
ribs
Copyright © 2006 by Elsevier, Inc.
Mechanics of Inhalation
Patm
Palveolar
Rest
Copyright © 2006 by Elsevier, Inc.
Palveolar
Inhalation due to expansion of
chest cavity (Boyles law)
Movement of Air In and Out of Lungs
• Pleural Pressures
– Resting
– Inspiration
-5 cm H20
-8 cm H20
• Alveolar Pressure
– Resting
– Inspiration
– Expiration
Copyright © 2006 by Elsevier, Inc.
0 cm H20
-1 cm H20
1 cm H20
Volume Change
(liter)
Pressure and Volume Changes During Breathing
.50
.25
0
+2
0
Alveolar pressure
Pressure
(cm/H2O)
-2
-4
Transpulmonary
Pressure
-6
Pleural pressure
-8
Inspiration
Copyright © 2006 by Elsevier, Inc.
Expiration
Pulmonary Volumes
Figure 37-6; Guyton & Hall
Copyright © 2006 by Elsevier, Inc.
Definitions of Dead Space
Anatomic Dead Space
Physiologic Dead Space
Low Blood Flow
Copyright © 2006 by Elsevier, Inc.
Compliance of Lungs
• Determined by elastic forces
– lung tissue
– surface tension
Lung Volume
• Elastic forces
Exhalation
Inhalation
-4
-8
Change in Pleural Pressure
Copyright © 2006 by Elsevier, Inc.
Control of Bronchiolar Diameter
• Nervous
– Sympathetics
• 2 receptors dilate
– Parasympathetics
• Acetylcholine constrict
• Humoral
– Histamine, acetylcholine » Constrict
– Adrenergic ( agonists) » Relax
Copyright © 2006 by Elsevier, Inc.
Airway Resistance during Forced Exhalation
Guyton & Hall
Copyright © 2006 by Elsevier, Inc.
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