Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download DNA Replication - cloudfront.net
Document related concepts
Zinc finger nuclease wikipedia , lookup
DNA sequencing wikipedia , lookup
DNA repair protein XRCC4 wikipedia , lookup
DNA profiling wikipedia , lookup
Homologous recombination wikipedia , lookup
DNA nanotechnology wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
Microsatellite wikipedia , lookup
Eukaryotic DNA replication wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
DNA replication wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
WHY DNA Replication? DNA replicates to make duplicate copies for cell division DNA replication occurs during S (synthesis) of Interphase of cell cycle 1. What are the differences between DNA replication in eukaryotes and prokaryotes? DNA Replication • Origins of replication 1. Breaking of hydrogen bonds between two antiparallel strands 2. Replication Forks: hundreds of Y-shaped regions of where the splitting starts is called 3’ the “origin of replication”. 5’ Parental DNA Molecule 3’ Replication Fork 5’ DNA Replication • Strand Separation: 1. Helicase: enzyme which catalyze the unwinding and separation (breaking HBonds) of the parental double helix. 2. The separation happens in chains rich in A-T since it is easier to break two bonds than the three bonds in C-G 3. Single-Strand Binding Proteins: proteins which attach and help keep the separated strands apart. Reflection How does replication start? Who prevents the unwound DNA from twisting back? DNA Replication • Origins of replication 2. Replication Bubbles: a. Hundreds of replicating bubbles (Eukaryotes). b. Single replication fork (bacteria). Bubbles Bubbles DNA Replication • Strand Separation: 3. Topoisomerase: enzyme which relieves stress on the DNA molecule by allowing free rotation around a single strand. Enzyme DNA Enzyme DNA Replication • Priming: (Initation) 1. RNA primers: before new DNA strands can form, there must be small pre-existing primers (RNA) present to start the addition of new nucleotides (DNA Polymerase). 2. Primase: enzyme that polymerizes (synthesizes) the RNA Primer in the initiation point of the 3’-5’ chain. 3. RNA primase can attract RNA nucleotides which bind to the DNA nucleotides of 3’-5’ strand with hydrogen bonds DNA Replication • (Elongation) • Synthesis of the new DNA Strands: 1. DNA Polymerase: with a RNA primer in place, DNA Polymerase (enzyme) catalyze the synthesis of a new DNA strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction. 5’ 3’ Nucleotide DNA Polymerase RNA Primer 5’ DNA Replication (Elongation) 2. Leading Strand: synthesized as a single polymer in the 5’ to 3’ direction. 5’ 3’ 5’ Nucleotides DNA Polymerase RNA Primer DNA Replication 3. Lagging Strand: also synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction, but discontinuously against overall direction of replication. Leading Strand 5 ’ 3’ DNA Polymerase RNA Primer 3’ 5’ 5’ 3’ 3’ 5’ Lagging Strand DNA Replication 4. Okazaki Fragments: series of short segments on the lagging strand. DNA Polymerase Okazaki Fragment RNA Primer 5’ 3’ Lagging Strand 3’ 5’ Reflection Why the two strands of the helix have to be elongated by two slightly different mechanisms? How are Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand joined into one continuous strand? DNA Replication 5. DNA ligase: a linking enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a covalent bond from the 3’ to 5’ end of joining stands. Example: joining two Okazaki fragments together. DNA ligase 5’ 3’ Okazaki Fragment 1 Lagging Strand Okazaki Fragment 2 3’ 5’ Reflection • List the proteins/enzymes involved in the process of replication DNA Replication • DNA Pol I-exonuclease reads the fragments and removes the RNA primers. • Gaps are closed with the action of DNA polymerase by adding nucleotides • DNA ligase adds phosphate in the backbone to close the gaps • Each new double helix is one old and one new strand. This is called Semi-Conservative replication DNA Replication • (Termination) • The primer is removed from the last section of Lagging strand • DNA polymerase cannot seal the gap • The end of the parental strand is not replicated • These non coding DNA sequences called telomeres • As a result part of telomere is removed in every subsequent replication • Enzymes like nucleases fix the possible errors and remove the wrong nucleotides and DNA fills the gaps. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqESR7E4b_8 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B660f3dPEuw • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNKWgcFPHqw Inquiry.. How is DNA packaged in eukaryotes? Describe the different size fibers and the proteins they use. What are telomeres and what is the relation between telomeres and aging?
