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Topics in
Human Pathophysiology
Fall 2009
Instructor: Theresa Martin (CSM)
Gilead
Drug Safety and Public Health
Course website
Levels of Body Organization
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Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism
Figure 1.1
Figure 3.1
Cell Structure and Function
• Cells are the basic unit of life
• Cells are composed of chemicals
• Human cells have a membrane, cytoplasm,
and nucleus
Figure 3.14
Water
a polar
molecule
Properties of Water
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A great solvent
A great reactant
Good at holding temperature
High heat of vaporization
Figure 2.9
Figure 3.14
The Cell Membrane
• Composed of phospholipid bilayer with
embedded proteins that serve a variety of
functions
• Semipermeable
• Allows passive transport and also has active
transport (pumps)
• Has important communication functions
The Cell (Plasma) Membrane
Figure 02.04
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Diffusion
Figure 3.8
Figure 3.9a
Figure 3.10
Bulk Transport
Figure 21.2a
Figure 3.11
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Cytoplasm
• Contains cytosol and organelles
• Organelles have specific functions
• Enzymes catalyze most reactions
Figure 3.14
Figure 2.23
Enzymes
•Proteins in the cells
have a variety of
functions including
structural proteins, and
enzymes.
•Enzymes catalyze
almost all cellular
reactions “metabolism”
Figure 3.14
Cell Nucleus
• Contains genetic material - DNA
• DNA has genes on it.
• DNA is a double strand with two chains of
nucleotides linked up anti-parallel
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