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Chapter 3
Joint Motion & Articular System
Classification
of joints
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Gliding (planar joints) = no axis
Hinge = single axis
Pivot = Long. Axis
Condyloid = concave to shallow convex
Saddle = biaxial
Ball and socket = triaxial
Joint Structure Function
• Mobility depends on structural congruity of
bones
• Synarthroses
– Fibrous Joints (sutures, syndesmoses tibiofibular)
• Amphiarthroses
– Cartilaginous Joints – Hyaline Cartilage
– (synchodroses
– Symphyses (pubic, sternomanubrial)
• Diarthroses
– Synovial Joints
Synovial Joints
• Synovial joint cavity
– Synovial Fluid
– Synovial Membrane
– (secretes and holds fluid)
• Articular cartilage
– hyaline
• Fibrous joint capsule
– Blends with periosteum
– Provides support
Support of Joints
• Active by muscles
• Passive by non-contractile tissues
– Tissue - ligaments
– Joint Capsule
• Menisci – fibrocartilage pads attached to
articulating surfaces
Synovial Joints & Degrees of Freedom df
• Hinge (1df)
• Pivot (1df)
• Knuckle (2df)
• Saddle (2df)
• Gliding (2df)
• Ball & Socket
(3df)
Double trouble
• Double-Jointed Joint
– Extreme range of motion
– Shallow bony surface
– Great ROM -- subluxation
– Stability>mobility
• Two Joint Muscles
– Span through two joints
Joint Movement
• Flexion Extension
– Hyperextension
• Abduction Adduction
– Appendicular Skeleton
• Circumduction
• Internal External Rotations
– Medial Lateral
Excursion ROM
Special Movements
Special Movements
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Plantar Flexion – Dorsi Flexion
Inversion, Eversion
Pronation, Supination
Radial Ulnar Deviation
Opposition
Elevation-Depression
Protraction, retraction
Hip and Pelvis
• Head of femur with
Acetabulum of the pelvis
– Labrum (u-shaped
fibrocartilaged rim around
acetabulum
Pelvis
• Anterior Posterior Tilt
• Lateral tilt (R-L)
• Rotation (R-L)
Fixed Pelvis
Fixed femur
Movement at the Knee Tibiofemoral
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Medial and lateral condyles of femur
Condylar surfaces of tibia
Bicondyloid – Not Real Hinge
Two menisci medial lateral (fitting)
Patella (leverage)
During final extension tibia-femur rotate
relative to each other – screw-home mechanism
Tibiofemoral
Ankle and Foot
• Ankle or Talocrural joint
– Tibia and fibula with superior surface of talus
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Mortise
Tenon
• talus rotating around tibial and fibular malleoli
– Dorsiflexed snug fit – plantar looser fit
• Subtalar (talocalcaneal)
– Oblique
– Load-bearing
– inversion-eversion
Shoulder Movement
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Sternum, Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus
Sternoclavicular Joint (SC)
Acromioclavicular (AC)
Glenohumeral (GH)
– Glenoid fossa of scapula
Scapula Movements
Pairing of shoulder girdle &
shoulder joint movements
Shoulder joint
Abduction
Adduction
Flexion
Extension
Internal rotation
External rotation
Horizontal abduction
Horizontal adduction
Shoulder girdle
Upward rotation
Downward rotation
Elevation/upward rotation
Depression/downward rotation
Abduction (protraction)
Adduction (retraction)
Adduction (retraction)
Abduction (protraction)
Elbow and forearm
• Humeroulnar
– trochlea humerus
with ulna’s trochlea
notch
• Humeroradial
• Proximal radioulnar
– Radius head with
ulnar’s radial notch
Elbow Movements
Wrist and hand
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Carpus radius and ulna with carpal bones
Distal Radioulnar
Radiocarpal
Intercarpals
Hand
– Carpometacarpal (CM) – saddle
• Differences among CMs
– Metacarpophalangeal (MP) --- condyloid
– Interphalangeal (IP) --- hinge
Hand Movements
Head, Neck, and Spine
• Cranium : 8 bones
• Facial bones 14
• TMJ is only movable joint
– Tmj = temporomanibular joint
• Vertebrae 26
– Cervical
– Thoracic
– Lumbar
– Sacral
– Coccygeal
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12
5
4-5 fused
4-5 fused
Interverterbral Discs
• C-T-L regions
• Nucleus pulposus
– Gelatin like
• Annulus fibrosus
– fibrocartilage
• Motion segment
– Neighboring Vertebrae and Disc
– Atlantoocipital (occipital cranium and atlas C1
– C1 atlas + C2 axon atlantoaxial
– zygapophyses
IV discs etc
Head Movements
Spinal deformities
• Scoliosis
– Lateral curvature of spine
• Kyphosis
– Sagittal spinal deformity
– thoracic
– hunchback
• Lordosis
– Lumbar region
Normative Data ROM