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QUOTATION
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You are going to learn
all about using
quotation.
Have pen/pencil ready
to take notes.
Throughout the
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to view next item.
WHAT IS QUOTATION?
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When you QUOTE in
a Critical Response or
Critical Essay you
write down the exact
words of the text.
so you are using the
writer’s own words.
WHY USE QUOTATION?
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A Critical Essay/Response is not
complete without QUOTATIONS.
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QUOTATIONS allow you to show
off your knowledge of the text.
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QUOTATIONS allow you to prove
your points with evidence from the
text.
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QUOTATIONS allow you to analyse
the text.
WHAT IS A TEXT?
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A poem
A play
A novel
A short story
A biography
A travel book
And so on!
SHORT
QUOTATIONS
A quotation of a single word or a short phrase
can simply be included within your own sentence.
For example:
 When Macbeth compares life to a
“brief candle” he is suggesting that
life only lasts a short time and can
easily be snuffed out in the same way.
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Remember quotation marks for short quotations.
SHORT
QUOTATIONS
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Keep quotations short (single word/phrase).
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Use lots of quotations.
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Use bold or italics for quotations.
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Your essay will then be ‘peppered with
quotations’ showing that you really know
your text.
LONGER QUOTATIONS
“To a Mouse” by
Robert Burns
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Longer quotations of a line or more need a separate
paragraph which is indented like this:
The best-laid plans o’ mice an’ men
Gang aft agley
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There is no need for quotation marks, but you should use
bold or italics to match your short quotations.
A LONGER
QUOTATION NEEDS
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A proper link sentence to introduce the quotation.
A colon to introduce the quotation.
A separate paragraph.
Italics or bold.
Follow-up commentary of personal response
and/or literary analysis.
The following slide illustrates ALL OF THE ABOVE.
EXAMPLE FROM A HIGHER
CRITICAL ESSAY (POETRY)
Iain Crichton Smith immediately emphasises the old woman’s age in
the two opening lines of his poem “Old Woman”:
And she, being old, fed from a mashed plate
as an old mare might droop across a fence
Repetition of the word “old” underlines her age. The transferred
epithet “mashed plate” suggests that she can no longer chew her food,
so that it has to be mashed, as for an infant. This, together with the
simile comparing her to “an old mare”, suggests a lack of human
dignity in the old woman’s situation.
INTRODUCE COMMENTS ON
QUOTATIONS LIKE THIS
PERSONAL RESPONSE
COMMENTS
 This suggests to me…
 I am intrigued by…
 I can relate to the
writer’s theme…
 In my view this
character…
 The writer’s attitude
made me reconsider…
LITERARY ANALYSIS
COMMENTS
 The word choice here…
 The imagery used…
 The character’s words
underline the theme…
 Sentence structure
effectively builds to a
climax…
THE END
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You now know how to make
the most of QUOTATIONS.
Now put what you have
learned into practice in your
Critical Essays/Responses.
See your grades improve!
Click the thumb’s up to
return to the first slide.