Download Medial - Stephen Tavoni

Figure 8.1 Fibrous joints.
Suture
Joint held together with very short,
interconnecting fibers, and bone edges
interlock. Found only in the skull.
Suture
line
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis
Joint held together by a ligament.
Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but
is longer than in sutures.
Fibula
Tibia
“Peg in socket” fibrous joint.
Periodontal ligament holds
tooth in socket.
Socket of
alveolar
process
Root of
tooth
Dense
fibrous
connective
tissue
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Ligament
Periodontal
ligament
Figure 8.2 Cartilaginous joints.
Synchondroses
Bones united by hyaline cartilage
Sternum
(manubrium)
Epiphyseal
plate (temporary
hyaline cartilage
joint)
Joint between first
rib and sternum
(immovable)
Symphyses
Bones united by fibrocartilage
Body of vertebra
Fibrocartilaginous
intervertebral disc
(sandwiched between
hyaline cartilage)
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Pubic symphysis
Figure 8.3 General structure of a synovial joint.
Ligament
Joint cavity
(contains
synovial fluid)
Articular (hyaline)
cartilage
Fibrous
layer
Synovial
membrane
(secretes
synovial
fluid)
Periosteum
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Articular
capsule
Joint Movements
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Flexion…..Extension
Abduction….Adduction
Rotation….Lateral or Medial
Circumduction
Supination….Pronation
Dorsiflexion….Plantar Flexion
Inversion….Eversion
Elevation….Depression
Opposition
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.7a The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they
also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types.
Nonaxial movement
Plane joint
Metacarpals
Flat
articular
surfaces
Gliding
Carpals
Examples: Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, joints between vertebral articular surfaces
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.7b The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they
also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types.
Hinge joint
Humerus
Ulna
Uniaxial movement
Medial/lateral
axis
Cylinder
Trough
Flexion and extension
Examples: Elbow joints, interphalangeal joints
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Figure 8.7c The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they
also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types.
Pivot joint
Uniaxial movement
Vertical axis
Ulna
Radius
Sleeve
(bone and
ligament)
Axle (rounded
bone)
Rotation
Examples: Proximal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint
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Figure 8.7d The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they
also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types.
Biaxial movement
Condylar joint
Medial/
lateral
axis
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Anterior/
posterior
axis
Oval
articular
surfaces
Flexion and
extension
Examples: Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joints
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Adduction and
abduction
Figure 8.7e The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they
also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types.
Biaxial movement
Saddle joint
Medial/
lateral
axis
Metacarpal 
Trapezium
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Articular
surfaces
are both
concave
and convex
Anterior/
posterior
axis
Adduction and
abduction
Example: Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
Flexion and
extension
Figure 8.7f The shapes of the joint surfaces define the types of movements that can occur at a synovial joint; they
also determine the classification of synovial joints into six structural types.
Multiaxial movement
Ball-and-socket joint
Cup
(socket)
Medial/lateral
axis
Anterior/posterior
axis
Vertical axis
Scapula
Spherical
head
(ball)
Humerus
Flexion and extension
Examples: Shoulder joints and hip joints
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Adduction and
abduction
Rotation
Figure 8.12 The hip joint.
Acetabular
labrum
Coxal (hip) bone
Articular cartilage
Acetabular labrum
Ligament of the
head of the femur
(ligamentum teres)
Synovial
membrane
Femur
Ligament
of the head
of the femur
(ligamentum
teres)
Head
of femur
Articular
capsule (cut)
Synovial cavity
Articular capsule
Frontal section through the right hip joint
Photo of the interior of the hip joint, lateral view
Iliofemoral
ligament
Ischium
Ischiofemoral
ligament
Greater
trochanter
of femur
Posterior view of right hip joint, capsule in place
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Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Iliofemoral
ligament
Pubofemoral
ligament
Greater
trochanter
Anterior view of right hip joint, capsule in place
Figure 8.8e–f The knee joint.
Fibular
collateral
ligament
Lateral
condyle
of femur
Lateral
meniscus
Tibia
Posterior
cruciate
ligament
Medial
condyle
Tibial
collateral
ligament
Anterior
cruciate
ligament
Medial
meniscus
Medial femoral
condyle
Anterior cruciate
ligament
Medial meniscus
on medial tibial
condyle
Patellar
ligament
Fibula
Patella
Quadriceps
tendon
Anterior view of flexed knee, showing
the cruciate ligaments (articular
capsule removed, and quadriceps
tendon cut and reflected distally)
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Patella
Photograph of an opened knee joint;
view similar to (e)
Figure 8.8b The knee joint.
Anterior
cruciate
ligament
Articular
cartilage
on medial
tibial condyle
Medial
meniscus
Anterior
Articular
cartilage on
lateral tibial
condyle
Lateral
meniscus
Posterior
cruciate
ligament
Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing
the menisci and cruciate ligaments
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.4b Bursae and tendon sheaths.
Bursa rolls
and lessens
friction.
Humerus head
rolls medially as
arm abducts.
Humerus moving
Enlargement of (a), showing how
a bursa eliminates friction where
a ligament (or other structure) would
rub against a bone
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.4a Bursae and tendon sheaths.
Acromion
of scapula
Subacromial
bursa
Joint cavity
containing
synovial fluid
Fibrous layer of
articular capsule
Articular
cartilage
Tendon
sheath
Synovial
membrane
Tendon of
long head
of biceps
brachii muscle
Fibrous
layer
Humerus
Frontal section through the right shoulder joint
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Figure 8.9 A common knee injury.
Lateral
Hockey puck
Medial
Patella
(outline)
Tibial
collateral
ligament
(torn)
Medial
meniscus
(torn)
Anterior
cruciate
ligament
(torn)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.8b The knee joint.
Anterior
cruciate
ligament
Articular
cartilage
on medial
tibial condyle
Medial
meniscus
Anterior
Articular
cartilage on
lateral tibial
condyle
Lateral
meniscus
Posterior
cruciate
ligament
Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing
the menisci and cruciate ligaments
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.12b The hip joint.
Acetabular
labrum
Synovial
membrane
Ligament
of the head
of the femur
(ligamentum
teres)
Head
of femur
Articular
capsule (cut)
Photo of the interior of the hip joint, lateral view
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.15 A hand deformed by rheumatoid arthritis.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.