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Social Interaction, Social Structure, and Groups 5 Module 16: Social Interaction and Social Structure Sociology in Modules Richard T. Schaefer 3rd edition Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Social Interaction and Social Structure • Social interaction and social structure are central to sociological study • Social Interaction and Reality: reality is shaped by perceptions, evaluations, and definitions- reflect norms and values – Nature of social interaction and what constitutes reality varies across cultures – Ability to define social reality reflects group’s power within a society – Important aspect of the process of social change involves redefining or reconstructing social reality Slide 2 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Elements of Social Structure • All social interaction takes place within a social structure, which can be broken down into five elements: – Statuses – Social roles – Groups – Social networks – Social institutions Slide 3 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Statuses • Status: any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society – Person can hold more than one at same time • Ascribed and Achieved Status – Ascribed status: status one is born with – Achieved status: status one earns Slide 4 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Statuses • Master Status – Status that dominates other statuses and determines a person’s general position in society – In U.S., ascribed statuses of race and gender can function as master statuses Slide 5 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Figure 16-1: Social Statuses Slide 6 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Social Roles • What Are Social Roles? – Social role: set of expectations for people who occupy a given status • Role Conflict – When incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by same person • Role strain – Difficulties that arise when same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations Slide 7 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Social Roles • Role Exit – Process of disengagement from a role that is central to one’s identity to establish a new role – Ebaugh’s four stages: • • • • Slide 8 Doubt Search for alternatives Action or departure stage Creation of a new identity Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Groups • Group: any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact on a regular basis • Vital part of society’s social structure Slide 9 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Social Networks • Social network: series of social relationships that links a person directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people – Social networks one of five basic elements of social structure – Research indicates that in person and online not everyone participates equally in social networks Slide 10 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Social Institutions • Social institution: organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs • Functionalist Perspective – Five major tasks: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Slide 11 Replacing personnel Teaching new recruits Producing and distributing goods and services Preserving order Providing and maintaining a sense of purpose Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Social Institutions • Conflict Perspective – Major institutions help maintain privileges of most powerful individuals and groups within society – Social institutions such as education have inherently conservative natures – Social institutions operate in gendered and racist environments Slide 12 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Social Institutions • Interactionist Perspective – Social institutions affect everyday behavior – Social behavior conditioned by roles and statuses we accept Slide 13 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Table 16-1: Sociological Perspectives on Social Institutions Slide 14 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Research Today 16-1: Disability as a Master Status – Does your campus present barriers to disabled students? If so, what kinds of barriers—physical, attitudinal, or both? Describe some of them. – Why do you think nondisabled people see disability as the most important characteristic of a disabled person? What can be done to help people see beyond the wheelchair and the Seeing Eye dog? Slide 15 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Research Today 16-2: Social Networks and Obesity – Have you ever tried to lose weight, and if so, did your cluster of friends and family help or hinder you? In your experience, do people who are overweight tend to cluster in separate groups from those of normal weight? – Besides public health campaigns, what applications can you think of for research on social networking? Slide 16 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Taking Sociology to Work Sarah Levy, Owner, S. Levy Foods – Have you ever thought of starting your own business? If so, what do you think the key to your success might be? – Would business have been a more practical major for Sarah? Why or why not? Slide 17 Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.