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The Civil War It is enough to make the whole world start to see the awful amount of death and destruction that now stalks abroad. Daily for the past two months has the work progressed and I see no signs of a remission till one or both the armies are destroyed… I begin to regard the death and mangling of a couple of thousand men as a small affair, a kind of morning dash-and it may be well that we become so hardened. -General W. T. Sherman, June 30, 1864 Main Ideas • • • • • • • • • The Civil War Begins Controversial actions taken by President Lincoln The Course of the War 1861-1865 Emancipation Proclamation Turning Point in the Civil War Election of 1864 The Confederacy surrenders; Lincoln’s assassination End of slavery Economic, Social, and Political consequences of the Civil War On the Eve of the War North 23 states 22 million people 4 million men of combat age 100,000 factories 1.1 million workers 20,000 miles of railroad track $189 million in bank deposits $56 million in gold specie South 11 states 9 million people (slaves included) 1.2 million men of combat ate 20,000 factories 101,000 workers 9000 miles of railroad track $47 million in bank deposits $27 million in gold specie Reflect and Consider April 4, 1865 – Abraham Lincoln tours the recently evacuated Richmond, Virginia to see the destruction • The Civil War was the most costly of all American wars in terms of loss of human life • An estimated 620,000 men lost their lives • Four million people were freed from slavery • The war transformed American society by accelerating industrialization and modernization in the North • It also destroyed the South’s plantation economy The War Begins February, 1861 Abraham Lincoln • When Lincoln was inaugurated as the first Republican president in March 1861, it was unclear that he would employ military means to challenge the secession of South Carolina and other states • In his inaugural address, Lincoln assured southerners that he had no intention of interfering with slavery “In your hands, my dissatisfied fellowcountrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors.” The War Begins continued… • Fort Sumter: first shots of the civil war -Lincoln sent a supply mission to the Charleston, SC’s fort -Southern guns erupted on April 12, 1861; the war started -Lincoln’s handling of the federally garrisoned fort united most northerners behind a patriotic fight to save the Union Lincoln’s Use of Executive Power President Lincoln - 1862 • More than any other previous president, Lincoln acted in unprecedented ways, drawing upon his powers as both chief executive and commander in chief • Often times, Lincoln did this without the authorization of the Congress Executive Power The attack on Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor by South Carolina forces, and President Lincoln's call for volunteers to put down the rebellion marked the beginning of war. • He did so for the first time in the Fort Sumner crisis (1) Calling for 75,000 volunteers to put down the insurrection in the South (2) Authorizing spending for war (3) Suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus • Since Congress was not in secession, Lincoln claimed he acted without congressional approval because it was “indispensable to the public safety” Keeping the Border States in the Union • Four other slaveholding states might have seceded, but instead remained in the Union • Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky decided not to join the Confederacy partly due to Union sentiment and the result of shrewd federal policies (1) Maryland: prosecessionists attacked Union troops and threatened a railroad to the capital (Union troops declared martial law to maintain control of the state) (2) Missouri: pro-Southern elements were held in check by the presence of federal troops in the state (guerrilla warfare was active) (3) Kentucky: the state legislature voted to remain neutral • Keeping the border states was a primarily military and political goal of Lincoln • Their loss would have increased the Confederate population by 50 percent and compromise the North’s strategic position during the war • The emancipation of slaves was not considered early in the war (did not want to alienate the border states) Wartime Advantages (Military) The South The North • only had to fight a defensive war • supplies and troops only had to travel short distances • long indented coastlines made it difficult to blockade • experienced military leaders and high troop morale • had to conquer an area as large as Western Europe • population advantage; 22 million verses 5 million • during the war an estimated 800,000 immigrants moved to the North (many enlisted) • Emancipation later in the war increased African American enlistment (180,000) • loyal and powerful Navy controlled most waterways Wartime Advantages (Economic) The South • the hope of the Southern economy was that overseas demand for its cotton would bring recognition and financial aid The North • controlled most of the banking and capital of the nation • controlled 85 percent of factories and manufactured goods • controlled 70 percent of the railroads • controlled 65 percent of the farmlands • skills of northern clerks and bookkeepers proved valuable in the logistical support of large military operations Wartime Advantages (Political) The South • its struggle for independence may seem to have given the South more motivation to fight • South’s ideology of state’s rights proved a serious liability for the Confederate government • the irony was that in order for the South to win the war they needed a strong central government/public support The North • had a well established central government • experienced politicians with a strong popular base The Confederate States of America Jefferson Finis Davis was an American statesman and leader of the Confederacy during the American Civil War, serving as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, from 1861 to 1865. • Challenges to the Confederacy: -Jefferson Davis tried to increase his power during the war; southern states governors resisted centralization of power -some governors help back resources and soldiers to protect their states -the Confederacy always faced shortages of money; it issued an estimated 1 billion dollars in inflated currency -the Confederate Congress nationalized the railroads and encouraged industrial development -the real surprise it that the South persisted for four years First Years of a Long War: 18611862 • Northerners at first expected the war to last no more than a few weeks (Lincoln called up volunteers for an enlistment of 90 days) • However, Americans soon learned that it would take four years of ferocious fighting before northern states marched on the Confederate capital The First Battle of Bull Run: -30,000 federal troops marched from Washington to Manassas Junction; Union forces were close to victory however General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson counterattacked and sent the troops running -the battle ended the illusion of a quick victory and promoted the myth of Rebel invincibility Union Strategy • General-in-Chief Winfield Scott devised a three-part strategy for winning a long war (1) Use the Navy to blockade southern ports (the Anaconda Plan) (2) Divide the Confederacy in two by taking control of the Mississippi River (3) Raise and train an army 500,000 strong to take Richmond Lieut. Gen. Winfield Scott 1861 • After the Union’s defeat at Bull Run, federal armies experienced a succession of crushing defeats as they attempt various campaigns in Virginia The Anaconda Plan Monitor vs. Merrimac Chromolithograph depicting the Battle of Hampton Roads • The North’s hopes of winning the war depended on its ability to maximize its economic and naval advantages (blockades) • The Confederates introduced an ironclad warship (Merrimac) during the Peninsular campaign that threatened the North’s blockades • The Union countered with an ironclad of its own-the Monitor • Both ironclads met near Hampton Roads, Virginia and exchanged volleys for 5 hours (ended in a draw) • The Monitor-Merrimac duel revolutionized the future of naval warfare Grant in the West Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th President of the United States (1869–1877) following his highly successful role as a war general in the second half of the Civil War. • The North’s campaign for control of the Mississippi River was partly under the leadership of Ulysses S. Grant • In early 1862, Grant used gunboats and army tactics to seize control of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson • These stunning victories opened Mississippi to Union attack • A few weeks later, Confederate General Albert Johnston surprised Grant at Shiloh, Tennessee • Grant and Union forces stood their ground resulting in Johnston’s army retreating • Grant’s drive down the Mississippi River was complemented in April of 1862 by the capture of New Orleans Union Battle Defeats George B. McClellan • Peninsula campaign: -General George B. McClellan, new commander of the Union army, insisted on training and supplying his troops before invading Virginia (tested Lincoln’s patience) -McClellan’s army invaded in March of 1862 and was stopped by brilliant tactical moves by Confederate General Robert E. Lee -McClellan was forced to retreat across the Potomac where he was replaced by General Pope • Second Battle of Bull Run: -Lee took advantage of the confusion from a change in leadership -He struck Pope’s army and sent the Union army backward to Bull Run -Pope withdrew to the defenses of Washington Union Battle Defeats continued… Lincoln and McClellan after the Battle of Antietam • Antietam: -Lee led his army on the offensive into Maryland across the Potomac -He hoped that a major Confederate victory in the North would convince Britain to give official recognition and support -McClellan was reinstated with his command; he knew about Lee’s battle plan (Confederate officer dropped a copy) -Both armies met at Antietam Creek in the Maryland town of Sharpsburg -It was here that the single bloodiest day of combat occurred-over 22,000 killed/casualties -Lee’s army retreated and McClellan declined to follow; Lincoln removed the general for the final time Union Battle Defeats continued… The Battle of Fredericksburg by Kurz and Allison • Fredericksburg: -Lincoln replaced McClellan with General Ambrose Burnside (known to be aggressive) -Burnside attacked Fredericksburg, Virginia and sustained heavy casualties (12,000 Union and 5,000 Confederate) -no prospect of military victory for either side • The second year of the war, 1862, was a disaster for the North except for two engagements, one at sea and the other on the rivers of the West Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy • The South’s hope for securing independence rested on its diplomats securing direct aid from Britain or France by inducing them to help with their cotton exports • Trent Affair: -Confederate diplomats James Mason and John Slidell traveled aboard a British steamer (Trent) on a mission to gain recognition -A Union warship stooped the vessel and arrested the two diplomats -Britain threatened war if the diplomats were not released; Lincoln acquiesced (the Confederates failed to get British or French recognition) Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy continued… CSS Alabama was a screw sloop-of-war built for the Confederate States Navy. The Alabama served as a successful commerce raider, attacking Union merchant and naval ships over the course of her two-year career, during which she never anchored in a Southern port. • Confederate Raiders: -the South was able to gain recognition as a belligerent with Great Britain -this status allowed them to purchase warships from British shipyards -Confederate commerce raiders caused serious damage to the Unions merchant ships (the Alabama captured over 60 vessels) -after the war, Britain agreed to pay the U.S. $15.5 million for damages Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy continued… • Failure of Cotton Diplomacy: -”King Cotton” proved to be incapable of convincing European nations to support the Confederacy -textile mills in Europe found a steady supply of cotton in Egypt and India -Two other decisions convinced Britain to not recognize the Confederacy (1) Lee’s setback at Antietam (no decisive Confederate victory) (2) Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation (British public was mostly pronorthern and antislavery) The End of Slavery Union troops had to go through Maryland to reach the national capital at Washington, D.C. Had Maryland also joined the Confederacy, Washington, D.C. would have been totally surrounded. The Maryland Legislature rejected secession in 1861, and Governor Thomas Hicks voted against it. • Lincoln was hesitant to take action against slavery because of the following concerns (1) Keeping the border states (support) (2) The constitutional protection of slavery (3) The prejudices of northerners (4) The fear that premature action could be overturned in the next election The End of Slavery continued… By asserting that slaves when they were the property of disloyal owner were subject to seizure, Butler provided a legal justification that did not immediately challenge slavery’s legality (politically essential in Spring 1861), but in the long run provided the basis to begin practically speaking to dismantle the peculiar institution. • Confiscation Acts: -Union General Benjamin Butler refused to return captured slaves, arguing that they were “contraband of war” -The Confiscation Act passed in August 1861 set the legal basis to seize enemy property used to wage war -A second act passed (July 1862) freed the slaves of persons engaged in rebellion (also allowed the president to use slaves in any capacityincluding battle) The End of Slavery continued… Lincoln presents the first draft of the Emancipation Proclamation to his cabinet. Painted by Francis Bicknell Carpenter in 1864 • Emancipation Proclamation: -all slaves in rebel territories were freed -committed the U.S. government to a policy of abolition in the South -also authorized the recruitment of freed slaves as Union soldiers -Almost 200,000 African Americans served in the Union (famous unit was the Massachusetts 54 Regiment) The End of Slavery continued… Formally abolishing slavery in the United States, the 13th Amendment was passed by the Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified by the states on December 6, 1865. • Thirteenth Amendment: -to free the slaves in the border states, a constitutional amendment was needed -December 1865, this amendment abolishing slavery was ratified by the required number of states “Neither slavery not involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” The Union Triumphs, 1863-1865 Robert Edward Lee as a career military officer who is best known for having commanded the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War. • By the beginning of 1863, the fortunes of war turned against the South. • Although Lee started the year with a victory at Chancellorsville, Virginia, the Confederate economy was in desperate shape, southern planters lost slaves, and soldiers were deserting • The decisive turning point in the war came in the first weeks of July when the Confederacy suffered major defeats in the West and East Turning Point • Vicksburg: -Grant laid siege to Vicksburg, Mississippi (Union artillery bombarded for seven weeks) -Confederates surrendered the city on July 4, 1863 -the Confederacy was cut in half and the Mississippi River was in the hands of the Union • Gettysburg: -Lee took the offensive by invading Maryland and Pennsylvania -If he could either destroy the union army or capture a major northern city- he hoped the North would call for peace or gain international recognition -After three days of fighting and a charge by Pickett, Lee’s forces retreated to Virginia, never to regain the offensive "The Harvest of Death": Union dead on the battlefield at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, photographed July 5 or July 6, 1863, by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. Grant in Command • Lincoln finally found a general who could fight and win • In early 1864 he brought Grant east to Virginia and made him commander of all the Union armies • Grant’s approach to ending the war was simply to outlast Lee by fighting a war of attrition • Grant cut off resources to Lee’s army, suffering heavier casualties than Lee’s forces in the battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor • No longer was this a war “between gentlemen” but a modern “total” war against civilians as well as soldiers Sherman’s March Sherman led his troops to the capture of the city of Atlanta, a military success that contributed to the re-election of President Abraham Lincoln. • The chief instrument of Grant’s aggressive tactics for subduing the South was a hardened veteran-General William Tecumseh Sherman • Leading a force of a 100,000 men, Sherman did the following (1) Set out for Chattanooga, Tennessee on a campaign of deliberate destruction (2) Continued through the state of Georgia and then swept north into South Carolina (3) Marching relentlessly, Sherman destroyed everything in their path (total war) (4) Atlanta fell in September of 1864, Savannah in December (5) He completed his campaign in February of 1865 by burning Columbia S.C. (the capital and cradle of secession) (6) The Confederacy’s will to fight was breaking! The Burning of Columbia, South Carolina (1865) by William Waud for Harper's Weekly The Election of 1864 Lincoln/Johnson campaign poster • The Democrats nominated General George McClellan • Their platform calling for peace had wide appeal • The Republican renamed their party the Unionist party was a way of attracting the votes of “War Democrats” • A last “ditch Lincoln” movement fizzled out, and the Republican convention chose Lincoln and a loyal War Democrat from Tennessee-Senator Andrew Johnson • The Lincoln-Johnson ticket won 212 electoral votes (popular vote was much closer (McClellan took 45%) • Presidential election results map. Red denotes states won by Lincoln/Johnson, blue denotes those won by McClellan/Pendleton, and brown denotes Confederate states. Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. The End of the War President Lincoln (center right) with, from left, Generals Sherman, Grant and Admiral Porter – 1868 painting of events aboard the River Queen in March 1865 • The effects of the Union blockade, combined with Sherman’s march of destruction, spread hunger through much of the South in the winter of 1864-1865 • On the battlefield in Virginia, Grant continued to outflank Lee’s lines until they collapsed around Petersburg, resulting in the fall of Richmond • The end of the war was near! Surrender at Appomattox Parlor of the (reconstructed) McLean House, the site of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's surrender. Lee sat at the marble-topped table on the left, Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant at the table on the right • The Confederate government tried to negotiate for peace, but Lincoln would accept nothing short of restoration of the Union • Lee retreated from Richmond with 30,000 troops • His forces were cut off and he was forced to surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865 • It was an amicable arrangementLee’s men returned home (generous terms) Assassination of Lincoln Shown in the presidential booth of Ford's Theatre, from left to right, are Henry Rathbone, Clara Harris, Mary Todd Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln, and his assassin John Wilkes Booth. • Only a month before Lee’s surrender, Lincoln delivered one of his greatest speeches-the second inaugural address • He urged that the defeated South be treated benevolently, “with malice toward none; with charity for all” • On April 14th, John Wilkes Booth shot and killed the president at Ford’s Theater in Washington Effects of the War on Civilian Life • Both during the war and in the years that followed, American society underwent deep and wrenching changes Political Change: • The emergence of the Radical Republicans (immediate abolition of slavery) and moderate factions (Free Soilers concerned with economic concerns) • Peace Democrats and Copperheads opposed the war and wanted negotiated peace • The most notorious Copperhead, Congressman Clement L. Vallandigham of Ohio, was briefly banished from the U.S. to Canada for his pro-Confederacy speeches Political Change continued… • Civil Liberties: -Lincoln’s administration suspended the writ of habeas corpus in Maryland (arrests without charges) -an estimated 13,000 people were arrested on suspicion of aiding the enemy (many were held without trial) -After the war, in the case of Ex Parte Milligan (1866), the Supreme Court ruled that the government had acted improperly in Indiana, where civilians had been subject to military trial • The draft: -The Congress’s first Conscription Act in March of 1863 made all men between 25-45 liable for service -to avoid the draft, they must either find a substitute or pay an exemption fee of $300 -In July, riots erupted in New York City (draft riots; 117 people killed) Political Change continued… • Political dominance of the North: -With the military triumph of the North came a new definition of the nature of the federal union -Southern arguments for secession and nullification ceased to be issues -After the Civil War, the supremacy of the federal government over the states was treated as an established fact -Furthermore, the abolition of slavery gave new meaning to the concept of American democracy -Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address rallied Americans to the idea that their nation was “dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.” Economic Change • The costs of the war in both money and men were staggering and called for extraordinary measures by both the Union and Confederate legislatures Financing the war: -The North financed the war by borrowing 2.6 billion dollars through the sale of government bonds -Congress was forced to raise tariffs (Morrill Tariff 1861), adding excise taxes, and instituting an income tax -High inflation led to the issuance of 430 million dollars in Greenbacks (backed by gold) -To manage all the additional revenue, Congress created a National Banking System in 1863 Economic Change continued… • Modernizing northern society: -the modern industrial economy was accelerated by the war; emphasis on mass production and complex organization speed up consolidation of manufacturing -War profiteers took advantage of government’s need for war supplies; fortunes made during the war produced a new class of millionaires who would finance the North’s industrialization in the postwar years -Republicans passed ambitious economic programs that included the Morrill Tariff, Homestead Act, Morrill Land Grant, and the Pacific Railway Act Economic Change continued… • The Morrill Tariff Act (1861): raised tariff rates to increase revenue and protect American manufactures. • The Homestead Act (1862): promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to whatever person or family would farm that land for at least five years. • The Morrill Land Grant Act (1862): encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges. • The Pacific Railway Act (1862): authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route in order to link the economies of California and the western territories with the eastern states. Social Changes • Women and African Americans were the most directly affected by the changes in American society brought about by the civil War • Women: -labors in the factories, farms, and plantations -played critical roles as military nurses and as volunteers in soldier’s aid societies -field of nursing became open to women and the roles they played in industry gave them the impetus to seek equal voting rights • African American: -the 13th Amendment freed 4 million slaves who were now protected by the Constitution Lincoln’s Prophecy “I can see in the near future a crisis approaching that unnerves me and causes me to tremble for the safety of my country. As a result of the war, corporations have been enthroned and an era of corruption in high places will follow, and the money power of the country will endeavor to prolong its reign by working upon the prejudices of the people until all wealth is aggregated in a few hands and the Republic is destroyed. I feel at this moment more anxiety for the safety of my country than ever before, even in the midst of war. God grant that my suspicions may prove groundless.” Timeline • • • • • • 1860 - Abraham Lincoln elected sixteenth president - South Carolina secedes 1861 - Confederacy formed - Fort Sumter attacked - Morrill Tariff 1862 - Morrill Act - Pacific Railways Act 1863 - Emancipation Proclamation - Battle of Gettysburg 1864 - Homestead Act - Sherman's march through Georgia 1865 -Wade Davis Bill - Lee surrenders - Lincoln assassinated; Andrew Johnson becomes seventeenth president - Thirteenth Amendment (abolished slavery) 1866 - Civil Rights Act - Ex parte Milligan Key Names, Events, and Terms • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Fort Sumter Executive power Habeas corpus Insurrection Border states Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis Alexander H. Stephens Bull Run Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Winfield Scott Anaconda Plan George McClellan Robert E. Lee • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Antietam Fredericksburg Monitor vs. Merrimac Ulysses S. Grant Shiloh Trent Affair Confiscation Acts Emancipation Proclamation Thirteenth Amendment Gettysburg Vicksburg Sherman’s March Election of 1864 Appomattox Court House Key Names, Events, and Terms • • • • • • • • • John Wilkes Booth Copperheads Ex Parte Milligan Draft riots Greenbacks Morrill Tariff Act (1861) Homestead Act (1862) Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) Pacific Railway Act (1862) Question • The economic impact of the Civil War included all of the following EXCEPT (a) an increased number of women in the labor force (b) widespread destruction of property in the South (c) creation of a national banking system in the North (d) reduced rate of industrial production in the North (e) runaway inflation in the South Answer D: reduced rate of industrial production in the North Bonus Essay Prompt: How did Lincoln’s thinking about the issue of slavery and its abolition evolve? Example “Road Map” Thesis (using the formula) Before the Civil War Lincoln was unwilling to sacrifice the union to end slavery in the nation. However, because of Southern secession, the prosecution of the war, and the moral crisis of slavery, Lincoln evolved into the great emancipator. Bonus • Abraham Lincoln was a pragmatic leader that understood that the union was more important than the abolition of slavery. However, because of the necessity to keep the border states in the Union, the course of battle during the Civil War, and the need to deprive Confederates of their slave labor as a war aim, Lincoln’s moderate view on the non-extension of slavery became a strict conviction to abolish it. Bonus: Possible Categories to Consider • • • • • • • • • • • • the Union’s battle strategy political pressure from the Radical Republicans the Abolitionist’s crusade in the North desire to prevent international recognition of the Confederacy the course of battle after 1862 personal belief of the evil nature of slavery a moderate's belief in the non-extension of slavery into the new territories his (Lincoln) reelection in 1864 the nature of carnage and bloodshed on the battlefield the sacrifice and service of hundreds of thousands of Africans Americans serving in the Union Army a renewed sense of America’s creed that all men are created equal the Confiscation Acts and other political pressures (or legislation)