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Unit 2 Muscles Muscles of Facial Expression = cutaneous muscles w/in superficial fascia Muscle Origin Insertion Action Nerve Frontalis Epicranial aponeurosis Skin of forehead and CN7 eyebrows Occipitalis [S] nuchal line and mastoid Epicranial aponeurosis (galea Occipital and frontal bellies CN7 process aponeurotica) draw back the scalp-> raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead Orbicularis oculi [M] orbital margin, [M] Skin around margin of orbit; Closes eyelids: palpebral part CN7 palpebral ligament, lacrimal tarsal plate gently closes; orbital part bone tightly closes Corrugator supercilii Frontal bone Skin of [M] half of eyebrow Draws [M] end of eyebrow CN7 downward and wrinkles forehead vertically Procerus [I] extension of Superficial to nasal bone Draws down [M] angle of CN7 occipitofrontalis eyebrows and wrinkles [S] pt of nose Nasalis [S] pt of canine ridge of Nasal cartilages Widens nostrils CN7 maxilla Dilator nares Ala of nose Flares nostrils CN7 Depressor septae Nasal septum under skin b/t Lowers nasal septum in CN7 nostrils allergies, sniffling, etc Levator labii superioris alque Maxilla Nose and upper lip Dilates nostrils, moves upper CN7 nasi lip up Levator labii superioris Finfraorbital ridge on Upper lip CN7 maxixlla Levator anguli oris Below infraorbital foramen Corner of mouth CN7 Zygomaticus minor Zygomatic bone Upper lip CN7 Zygomaticus major Zygomatic bone Upper lip Draws the angle of the mouth CN7 upward and backward, as in laughing Risorius Parotid region Corner of mouth Draws corner of mouth [L] CN7 when grinning Depressor anguli oris Oblique line of mandible Angle of mouth Depresses angle of mouth CN7 Depressor labii inferioris Mandible Lower lip Depresses lower lip CN7 Mentalis Incisive fossa of mandible Skin of chin Elevates and protrudes lower CN7 lip Orbicularis oris Circular fibers around mouth Kissing, talking, eating, etc CN7 Comment Galea aponeurotica connects bellies of occipitofrontalis 3 pts = orbital pt, palpebral pt, lacrimal pt Covers infraorbital foramen Under levator labii superioris Larger than minor Over buccinator muscle Covers mental foramen Called “pouting” muscle Unit 2 Muscles Buccinator Quadrilateral muscle b/t maxilla and mandible Angle of mouth Helps mastication Platysma [I] border of mandible Fascia covering [S] pts of pec major and deltoid Draws corners of mouth [I/L] CN7 Origin Temporal fossa Action Elevates mandible. Some retraction Elevates mandible. Some retraction via deep fibers Elevates mandible, helps protrude. Side-to-side movements Protrusion. Side-to-side movements Nerve V3 = mandibular N. V3 = mandibular N. Whereas other 3 close jaws, [L] pterygoid opens. Assisted by the mylohyoid, digastric, and geniohyoid Action Alone = rotates face to opposite while bending head to same side. Together = flex head and neck Depresses hyoid bone Nerve CN11 on way to innervate trapezius Comment Muscles of Mastication Muscle Temporalis Masseter Zygomatic arch Insertion Coronoid process of mandible Ramus of mandible Medial pterygoid [L] pterygoid plate Mandible angle Lateral pterygoid [L] pterygoid plate Neck of mandible Origin Mastoid process and [S] nuchal line Insertion Sternal and clavicular head Sternohyoid Sternum Hyoid bone Omohyoid [S] border of scapula Thyrohyoid Oblique line of thyroid cartilage Sternum Muscles of the Neck Muscle Sternocleidomastoid Sternothyroid Anterior scalene Middle scalene Transverse processes of CV4-6 [P] tubercles of transverse processes of CV4-6 CN7 Principle muscle of cheek. Under buccopharyngeal fascia and buccal fat pad. Parotid duct pierces opposite to upper 2nd molar Deep to other lip muscles Comment V3 = mandibular N. V3 = mandibular N. C1-C3 via branch of ansa cervicalis [I] hyoid bone Depresses, retracts, steadies C1-C3 via branch of ansa hyoid bone cervicalis [I] body and greater horn of Depresses hyoid bone and C1 via CN12 hyoid bone elevates larynx Oblique line of thyroid Depresses hyoid bone and C2-C3 via branch of ansa cartilage larynx cervicalis st 1 rib Elevates 1st rib; [L] flexes Cervical spine nerves C4-6 and rotates neck st 1 rib Elevates 1st rib; [L] flexes Ventral rami of cervical neck spinal nerves 1 of 4 infrahyoid/strap muscles [S+I] belly. Infrahyoid muscle Infrahyoid muscle Infrahyoid muscle Unit 2 Muscles Posterior scalene [P] tubercles of transverse processes of CV4-6 2nd rib Flexes neck [L]; elevates 2nd C7-C8 (ventral rami) rib Longus capitis Longus colli Extrinsic Eye Muscles Muscle Origin Levator palpebrae superioris Lesser wing of sphenoid [A/S] to optic canal [S] tarsal muscle Recti muscles (4) At the distal end of levator palpebrae superioris Tendinous ring in [P] orbit Superior oblique [P] orbital wall [P/M] to tendinous ring Inferior oblique [A/M] orbit Insertion Action Skin and tarsal plate of upper Raises upper eyelid eyelid Nerve CN3 SS of ANS Globe anterior to its midline When eyelid abducted, the [L] rectus = CN6 [S] rectus elevates globe and [S,I,M] rectus = CN3 [I] rectus depresses it. [M] rectus = adductor. [L] rectus = abductor [P/L/S] globe, [P] to midline When eye adducted, CN4 depresses globe Comment [S] tarsal muscle (smooth muscle) at distal end. Due to both skeletal and smooth muscle component, drooping of upper eyelid (ptosis) can result from a nerve lesion affecting CN3 or sympathetic fibers Smooth muscle [S,M,I,L] "SO4, LR6, all rest CN3" Lies next to [P/M] orbit, passes [M] to bony hook (trochlea) on edge of orbit, then changes direction to pass [P/L] [S] to globe where it attaches [P] to midline [A/L] aspect of globe, [P] to When eye adducted, elevates CN3 midline globe Muscles of Mouth and Tongue 3 muscles arise from styloid process: styloglossus (CN12), stylohyoid (CN7), stylopharyngeus CN9). Arise from different pharyngeal arch (stylopharyngeus in next table) Muscle Origin Insertion Action Nerve Comment Geniohyoid [I] mental spine of mandible Hyoid bone Pulls hyoid bone [A/S], C1 via CN12 Surpahyoid muscles = shortens floor of mouth, digastric, stylohyoid, widens pharynx mylohyoid, geniohyoid Mylohyoid Mylohyoid line of mandible Hyoid bone Elevates hyoid bone, floor of Mylohyoid (branch of mouth, tongue. Depresses inferior alveolar from V3) mandible to open mouth Unit 2 Muscles Stylohyoid Digastric Tensor veli palatini Levator veli palatini Musculus uvulae Palatopharyngeus Palatoglossus Genioglossus Hyoglossus Styloglossus Styloid process of temporal Hyoid bone bone Elevates and retracts hyoid bone-> elongating floor of mouth [A] belly: digastric fossa of Intermediate tendon to body Depresses mandible; raises mandible. [P] belly: mastoid and greater horn of hyoid hyoid bone and steadies it notch of temporal bone Scaphoid fossa of [M] Palatine aponeurosis Tenses soft palate and opens pterygoid plate, spine of mouth of auditory tube sphenoid, cartilage of during swallowing and pharyngotympanic (auditory) yawning tube Cartilage of Palatine aponeurosis Elevates soft palate during pharyngotympanic (auditory) swallowing and yawning tube and petrous temporal bone [P] nasal spine and palatine aponeurosis Hard palate and palatine aponeurosis [L] wall of pharynx Palatine aponeurosis of soft Side of tongue palate [S] pt of mental spine of Top of tongue and hyoid mandible bone Body and greater horn of hyoid bone Styloid process and stylohyoid ligament Superior longitudinal Inferior longitudinal Mucosa of uvula Root of tongue and hyoid bone Transverse Muscles of Pharynx and Larynx CN7 (cervical branch) Perforated near its insertion by tendon of 2 bellies of digastric muscle [A] belly: mylohyoid [P] belly: CN7 V3 Tenses fibers of soft palate so that levator veli palatini can act on them CN10 Comment: Once soft palate tensed by the tensor veli muscle (hooks around pterygoid hamulus), levator elevates palate. Note their arrangement Shortens uvula and pulls it CN10 [S] Tenses soft palate and pulls CN10 walls of pharynx [S/A/M] during swallowing Elevates [P] pt of tongue CN10 Depresses tongue; [P] pt pulls tongue [A] for protrusion Side and [I] aspect of tongue Depresses and retracts tongue Side and [I] aspect of tongue Retracts tongue and draws it up-> trough for swallowing Curls tip and sides of tongue [S] and shortens tongue Curls tip of tongue [I] and shortens tongue Narrows and elongates the tongue CN12 CN12 1 of 3 extrinsic tongue muscles. Extrinsic muscles move tongue. Intrinsic muscles change tongue shape Extrinsic tongue muscle CN12 Extrinsic tongue muscle CN12 CN12 CN12 Unit 2 Muscles Superior pharyngeal constrictor Middle pharyngeal constrictor Pterygoid hamulus, [M] raphe of pharynx and pterygomandibular raphe, [P] pharyngeal tubercle on end of mylohyoid line of basilar part of occipital mandible, side of tongue Stylohyoid ligament and [M] raphe of pharynx [S+I] horns of hyoid bone Inferior pharyngeal constrictor Oblique line of thyroid [M] raphe of pharynx cartilage and side of cricoid cartilage Stylopharyngeus Styloid process of temporal [P/S] borders of thyroid bone cartilage with palatopharyngeus Cartilaginous part of auditory Blends with tube palatopharyngeus [A/L] part of cricoid cartilage [I] margin and [I] horn of thyroid cartilage Salpingopharyngeus Cricothyroid Transverse and oblique arytenoids One arytenoid cartilage Aryepiglottic muscle Posterior cricoarytenoid Lateral cricoarytenoid Thyroarytenoid [P] surface of laminae of cricoid cartilage [L] surface of laminae of cricoid cartilage [P] surface of thyroid cartilage The 3 pharyngeal Pharyngeal plexus (CN10) constrictors move food down pharynx into esophagus Pharyngeal plexus (CN10) Pharyngeal plexus (CN10) Largely behind mandible Largely behind hyoid bone. Fibers of [S+I] pharyngeal constrictors often blend, but demarcation seen where stylopharyngeus muscle intervenes Largely behind thyroid and cricoid cartilages. Lower end referred to as cricopharyngeal muscle = continuous with esophageal muscle fibers Elevate (shorten and widen) CN9 pharynx and larynx Elevate (shorten and widen) Pharyngeal plexus (CN10) pharynx and larynx Stretches and tenses vocal External laryngeal (branch of Most of [S] laryngeal fold superior laryngeal from continues as internal branch CN10) piercing thyrohyoid membrane to provide sensory above vocal folds Opposite arytenoid cartilage Closes intercartilaginous Recurrent laryngeal from Some of oblique arytenoid portion of rima glottidis CN10 continues [S] as aryepiglottic muscle Continuation of oblique arytenoid muscles after they crisscross e/o Muscular process of Abducts vocal fold Recurrent laryngeal from Only muscles that abduct arytenoid cartilage CN10 vocal folds Muscular process of Adducts vocal fold. Rotates Recurrent laryngeal from arytenoid cartilage muscular processes of CN10 arytenoids [A]-> vocal processes and attached vocal ligaments swing [M] to close rima glottidis Muscular process of Relaxes vocal fold Recurrent laryngeal from arytenoid cartilage CN10 Unit 2 Muscles Vocalis Vocal process of arytenoid cartilage Vocal ligaments Relaxes [P] vocal ligament Recurrent laryngeal from while maintaining (or CN10 increasing) tension of [A] pt
