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Biomedical Imaging of the Future Alvin T. Yeh Department of Biomedical Engineering Texas A&M University 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Patient management and clinical care • Qualitative observations • Physical examinations Physician experience/expertise • Quality care 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Biomedical Imaging • Extension of physician’s ability to observe • Qualitative – morphological / structural – magnification – allow minimally invasive observations • Clinical imaging standards X-ray (CT), Ultrasound, MRI biopsy (pathology) 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Biomedical Imaging • • • • • • Existing Technologies Maximize information content Emerging Technologies Imaging in Early Detection Image Guided Interventions Imaging in Therapy Data management, analysis, interpretation Informatics Education / Training 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Existing Technologies • Tissue / Organ Level X-ray (CT), Ultrasound, MRI radionuclide imaging (PET) – low information content • (Sub)Cellular Level Histology biopsy Electron microscopy 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Existing Technologies • Technical advancements (tissue / organ level) – – – – spatial and temporal resolution image acquisition time detectors contrast • Higher information content – functional, more specific • fundamental understanding of disease • provide diagnosis more specific to development, selection, evaluation of therapy 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Existing Technologies • Higher information content (cont’) – develop improved contrast enhancement agents / probes • physiological processes normal disease – dynamic • Multi-modal imaging / combinatorial techniques • Non-invasive 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Emerging Technologies • Imaging at the Tissue / Organ Level snapshots of organs or tissues over time – radionuclide imaging (PET) – fMRI, CT • (Sub)cellular Level anatomy, cell structure, histopathology of living tissue – Optical imaging • fluorescence • optical probes / labels 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Emerging Technologies • Bioluminescence – real time monitoring in living animals • tracking and monitoring infectious diseases / cancer metastasis • drug delivery, efficacy – toxicology screening – changing biologic experimental paradigm 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Emerging Technologies • High information content at high resolution – functionality / structure—function – vital indicators • • • • gene expression ion concentration metabolism membrane potential • Non-invasive, intravital imaging – serial biopsies 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Molecular Imaging • Imaging at the Molecular Level – cell function – metabolism – gene expression – drug and vector development / delivery – in vivo protein interactions – disease specific tracers and probes • Molecular Probes / Contrast Agents 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Molecular Imaging • Develop molecular probes & contrast agents – links imaging modality with specific biological processes • Image specific molecular targets – capitalize on mapping of human genome • Drug development – monitor drug delivery, validation & efficacy, effects on biological target 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Imaging for Early Detection of Disease • Clinical Standards – PET, fMRI neurological disease – MRI cardiac function imaging contrast enhanced imaging for breast and other cancers – 3-D Ultrasound breast cancer prenatal exams heart function 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Imaging for Early Detection of Disease • Develop more specific imaging – fundamental understanding of disease – pinpoint signifying events in disease onset – genetic imaging / origin of disease • Quantification of imaging – define biologic characteristics / parameters – standardization for comparison – monitor therapy & disease progression 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Imaging in Therapy • Exploit multiple (complementary) imaging modalities – diagnosis – position of lesion in 3-D – real time monitoring • Image Guided Interventions • Surgical computer aided design • Distance Medicine 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Image Guided Interventions Use of real time images for guidance, navigation and orientation to reach a specific target for a minimally invasive patient encounter. 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Image Guided Interventions • locate targets seamlessly across spatial scales • intra-operative, real time, 3-D image-guided navigation for moving / deformable tissues / organs • full array of anatomical, molecular, functional imaging • multimodal image guidance w/ cellular resolution • trajectory planning using image guidance • plan, guide, affect, monitor treatment Northwestern University 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Image Guided Interventions • less invasive fewer complications less normal tissue damage • efficient • assurance of procedure outcome • cost • may add unnecessary complexity • images over interpreted unnecessary procedures / over-diagnosis 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Informatics • collection and processing of imaging data for research / medicine • manage large databases of patient information extract information 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Informatics • Methods for image analysis and segmentation • Reconstruction methods – continuous across large spatial scales 3-D 4-D • Coherent assemblage of massive amounts of data readily interpretable picture 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Education and Training • Multidisciplinary – chemistry, physics, (molecular) biology, pharmacology, medicine, biomedical engineering, bioinformatics, radiology… – principles of medical imaging, probe targeting /development, tracer methodologies, normal physiology, process of disease 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Education and Training • History: major advances in medical technology fundamental discoveries in basic sciences • Biomedical Engineer – link various disciplines – navigate intellectual landscape • Know something about everything – be an expert in something 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN Education and Training • improve health – promoting fundamental discoveries, design and development – translation and assessment of technological capabilities in biomedical imaging and bioengineering • translate fundamental or crosscutting discoveries and developments in information science, physics, chemistry, mathematics, materials science, computer sciences 16 November 2004 Biomedical Imaging BMEN