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IMMUNOLOGY
BASIC IMMUNOLOGY
IMMUNE PATHOLOGY
Árpád Lányi
Attila Bácsi
Éva Rajnavölgyi
Department of Immunology
IMMUNOLOGY COURSE
SEMINARS
BASIC
26 lectures BASIC IMMUNOLOGY
4 lectures/week
Weeks 1 – 7
10 Seminars
2 classes/week
Weeks 1 – 10
COMPLEX PATHOLOGY
DENTISTS
14 lectures IMMUNE PATHOLOGY
4 lectures/week
Weeks 7 – 10
4 Seminars
2 classes/week
Weeks 1 – 4
www.immunology.unideb.hu
Username: student
PASSWORD: download
TESTS
1. BASIC + SEMINARS
week 8.
I. DEMO 2013. Oct 28. (Mon.) 18:00 – 20:00
2. PATHOLOGY + PRACTICAL
week 11.
II. DEMO 2013. November 25. (Mon) 18:00 – 20:00
BOOKS
Peter Parham: The immune system (Garland Science)
3rd Edition 2009
Abul K Abbas, Andrew H. Lichtman and Shiv. Pillai: Basic
Immunology Fouth Ed. 2014 Elsevier, Sanders
Janeway C.A. Jr., Travers P., Walport M., Shlomchik M.:
Immunbiology (Garland Publishing) 5th Edition 2001
Rosen F., Geha R.: Case Studies in Immunology
(Garland Publishing) 4th Edition 2004
IMMUNOLOGY
MICROBIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
IMMUNOLOGY
BASIC
CLINICAL
ALLERGOLOGY
CELL BIOLOGY
GENETICS
BIOCHEMISTRY
BIOPHYSICS
IMMUNOGENETICS
IMMUNOGENOMICS
MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
GENOMICS
IMMUNE DEFICIENCIES
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
AUTOIMMUNITY
TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY
TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY
HISTORY OF IMMUNOLOGY
Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh (2000 B.C.)
diseases, pestilence
Egypt older dynasties
severe epidemics
Pantheon for the god of disease
Old Testament
Phobeus Apollo
God’s punishment
Plague - Greek army before Troy
Immunological memory
Thucydides, historian, Athen
430 B.C. pestilence epidemics
„yet it was with those who recovered from the disease that the sick and the
dying found most compassion……. No fear for themselves; as no man was
never attacked twice-never at least fatally”
Immunity
Depletion theories
Variolation (wild type)
1880 – First World War
1920 – 1960
Immunitas – exemption from service or duty
Nutrition/factors supporting pathogen growth become
limited - even Pasteur
smallpox, ancient Chinese method
practiced in Europe, too (pustular fluid or dried scabs
inoculated) Lady Mary Montague, 1718….
study of diseases, vaccines
scientific revolution, chemistry/biology
FIRST VACCINATION
Edward Jenner 1749 – 1823
Immunity (protection) can be induced (cowpox - smallpox)
VACCINATION – 1st SUCCESS OF IMMUNOLOGY
•
smallpox
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Cow Pox contracted individuals – preventive effect
Edward Jenner 1749 – 1823
Training in St. Georges Hospital London
Practice in Gloucestershire, 1772 MD, St. Andrews University, Scotland
Publications:
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Dread disease, 10% of all death
Infants, children, 20 – 50 % died
Pockmarks, blindness
Survivals – exempt from the disease
Variolation/inoculation 1% mortality UK
Jenner,E.(1788).Observationson the natural history of the cuckoo.
Philos.Trans.R.Soc.Lond. 78, 219–212.
Jenner, E. 1798. An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of Variolae Vaccinae,a Disease
Discovered in Some Western Counties of England. London: Sampson Low.
Jenner,E.(1799). Further Observations on the Variolae Vaccinae. London: Sampson Low.
Jenner,E.(1800). A Continuation of Facts and Observations Relative to the Variolae
Vaccinae or Cow Pox. London: Sampson Low.
1840 – variolation practice in UK
1876 Koch Bacilli (Anthrax)
1880 Louis Pasteur Viruses
2010 Nalca A and Zumbrun E: ACAM 2000: The new small pox vaccine for US
strategic national stock- plie. Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 4, 71–79. ACAM2000
(Acambis, Inc.) cell culture based…. over 200 million doses of ACAM2000 have
been produced for the US Strategic National Stockpile.
Louis Pasteur
1880 rabies, 1888 Pastuer Institute
1884 Ilya Mechnikoff
Phagocytosis
Immunization with attenuated pathogens
CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY
Koch Laboratory
Berlin 1890, Diphteria and Tetanus toxin
Antibodies in serum –
bound to relevant pathogens
Humoral factors
HUMORAL IMMUNE
RESPONSE
Emil Behring
Shimbasaru Kitasato
1. Many disease occurs only once (natural protection)
2. Some diseases can be prevented by vaccination
3. The blood contains anti-bacterial activity (anti-toxins, serum therapy)
4. worked on antitoxins for tetanus diphtheria and anthrax.
History & impact of immunology on human health
Koch’s
Kohler & Milstein
Postulates Monoclonal Abs
Metchnikoff
Phagocytosis
Müller Jenner
Wright Miller
Bacteria Vaccination
Antisera T cells
Jansen
Microscope
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
1955 Zinkernagel
& Doherty
MHC restriction
200 years
WHO announce
after Jenner smallpox eradicated
30
Countries with
more than one
smallpox case 15
per month
0
1965
1970
1975
1980
MILESTONES OF IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH I.
YEAR
NAME
DISCOVERY
NOBEL
PRIZE
1890
Emil von Behring
Anti-toxins
Serotherapy (diphteria)
1901
1890
Robert Koch
Tuberculosis, anthrax
Cellular immunity, tuberculin reaction
1905
1883
Elie Mecsnyikov
1908
1900
Paul Ehrlich
Phagocytosis, inflammation
Cellular protection
Side chain theory
1902
Charles Richet
(Paul Portier)
Anaphylaxis
1913
1894
Jules Bordet
Complement
Antibodies/bacteriolysis
1919
1900
Karl Landsteiner
A/B/0 blood groups - serology
1930
1940
Max Theiler
Vaccine against yellow fever
1951
Daniel Bovet
Anti-histamines, treatment of allergy
1957
MILE STONES OF IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH II.
1944
Peter Medawar
Macfarlane Burnet
Acquired tolerance
Clonal selection theory
1960
1959
Rodney Porter
Gerald Edelman
Antibody structure
1972
Rosalyn Yalow
Roger Guillemin
Andrew Schally
Radioimmunoassay
Peptide hormon production in
brain
1977
1958
Baruj Benacerraf
Jean Dausset,
George Snell
Histocompatibility antigens
1980
1975
George Köhler
Cesar Milstein
Niels Jerne
Monoclonal antibody
1984
Susumi Tonegawa
Gene rearrangement
1987
E. Donnall Thomas
Joseph Murray
Transplantation immunology
1990
Rolf Zinkernagel, Peter
Doherty
MHC restriction
1996
1979
1974
Network theory
THEMATICS
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ELEMENTS, STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
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Cellular interactions – direct & indirect
Organs, tissues, cell types
Two arms of the immune system
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RECOGNITION BY THE IMMUNE SYSTEM – SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
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Pattern recognition receptors
Antigen recognition by B-lymphocytes
Antigen recognition by T- lymphocytes
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Role of MHC proteins in antigen presentation
Antigen processing and presentation for T-lymphocytes
CELL ACTIVATION, DIFFERENTIATION, COMMUNICATION
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Receptors – Co-receptors – Adhesion molecules
Effector mechanisms
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Characteristics of innate immunity
Characteristics of acquired immunity
Migration, adhesion
Cytokine & chemokine receptors and ligands
Cellular killing mehanisms
REGULATION OF IMMUNE RESPONSES
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Tolerance and immunity
Immunologaical memory
WE LIVE IN A MICROBIAL RICH ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT
BIOMASS
C
O
M
M
E
N
S
A
L
P
A
T
H
O
Individuals
G
E
N
MICROBES
90%
DIVERSITY
RAPID
REPRODUCTION
ADAPTATION
MANKIND
v
v
EPIDEMIC
v
v
v
v
v
Geographic borders
Population density
Biodiversity
Life style
v
v
PANDEMIC
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
7 BILLION
GENETIC POLYMORPHISM
MHC GENES
Recognition of variablity in a
context of self/nonself
safe /dangerous
ENVIRONMENT - Microbial and other effects
Cells of human body: 90% microbes, 10% human
1012 (1.5kg) bacteria in the gut
Human population: 7x109 (7 billion)
Biomass: 90% microbes
Animal mass < 5 – 25x microbes
Bacteria
Virus
Víruses
Unicellular parazites
3 hours
3 hours
18 - 30 years
Multicellular parazites (worms)
Rapid genetic changes
Selection driven evolution
Adaptation
Selection
Chapter 1
Elements of the Immune System and their Roles in Defense
• Numerous commensal microorganisms
inhabit healthy human bodies
• Pathogens are infectious organisms that
cause disease
• The skin and mucosal surfaces form barriers
against infection
© Garland Science 2009