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Chapter 14 Special Examinations and Tests Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Examinations and Tests • Diagnostic examination: procedure that involves physical inspection of body structures and evidence of their functions • Laboratory test: procedure that involves examining body fluids or specimens and comparing the components of a collected specimen with normal findings Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Equipment Used in Examinations Radiography X-ray Endoscopy Optical scopes Radioactive chemicals Radionuclide imaging Ultrasonography High-frequency sound waves Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Root Words and Suffixes Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Nursing Responsibilities • Clarifying explanations • Preparing clients • Obtaining equipment and supplies • Arranging the examination area • Positioning and draping Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Nursing Responsibilities (cont’d) • Assisting the examiner • Providing physical and emotional support • Attending to the client • Caring for specimens • Recording and reporting data Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Positioning Clients During Examinations • Dorsal recumbent position – Reclining position with the knees bent, hips rotated outward, and feet flat • Lithotomy position – Reclining position with the feet in metal supports called stirrups Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Positioning Clients During Examinations (cont’d) • Sims’ position – The client lies on the left side with the chest leaning forward, the right knee bent toward the head, the right arm forward, and the left arm extended behind the body Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Positioning Clients During Examinations (cont’d) • Knee-chest position – The client rests on the knees and chest and turns the head, which is supported on a small pillow, to one side • Modified standing position – The client stands with the upper half of the body leaning forward Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Positioning the Client Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question • Which of the following positions may be used as an alternative to the lithotomy position during a rectal examination? a. Sims’ b. Dorsal recumbent c. Supine d. Modified standing Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer a. Sims’ The Sims’ position may be used as an alternative to the lithotomy position for a rectal examination as it provides access to the anus and rectum. The dorsal recumbent position, supine position, and modified standing position do not provide access to the anus and rectum. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Factors That Invalidate Test Results Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question • Is the following statement true or false? Ultrasonography uses x-rays to examine clients. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer False. Ultrasonography uses a transducer that projects sound waves through the body’s surface. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Commonly Performed Categories of Examinations • Pelvic examination: physical inspection of the vagina and cervix with palpation of the uterus and ovaries • Radiography: procedures that use roentgen rays, or x-rays, to produce images of body structures • Endoscopy: visual examination of internal structures Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Commonly Performed Categories of Examinations (cont’d) • Radionuclide imaging: elements whose molecular structures are altered to produce radiation • Ultrasonography: soft tissue examination using sound waves • Electrical graphic recordings: recording electrical impulses from structures such as the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question • Is the following statement true or false? Radiography uses elements whose molecular structures are altered to produce radiation. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer False. Radiography uses roentgen rays, or x-rays, to produce images of body structures. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Testing Procedures • Paracentesis: procedure for withdrawing fluid from the abdominal cavity • Lumbar puncture: procedure for withdrawing spinal fluid • Throat culture: collecting infectious specimens or microorganisms from the throat and examining their characteristics with a microscope • Measurement of capillary blood glucose: measuring the amount of glucose in capillary blood Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question • Is the following statement true or false? Paracentesis is the procedure for withdrawing fluid from the abdominal cavity. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer True. Paracentesis is the procedure for withdrawing fluid from the abdominal cavity. Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Factors to Consider When Performing Examinations and Tests on Older Adults • Older adults may not be able to tolerate withholding of food or fluids for long periods • Older adults are susceptible to dehydration • Older adults become exhausted by preparations for gastrointestinal examinations requiring laxatives and enemas, which may also deplete electrolyte balance, leading to weakness or dizziness Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Factors to Consider When Performing Examinations and Tests on Older Adults (cont’d) • Older adults fatigue easily • Older adults may need additional clothing, slippers, extra covers • Cognitively compromised older adults should have a family member present during the procedure Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins