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ANIMAL KINGDOM General characteristics: Eukaryotes Multicellular Heterotrophic Motile (able to move) at some point in their life cycle; may be sessile at other stages Use oxygen to release energy from food; Cells are differentiated by purpose A body plan aerobic Most animals have: Sexual reproduction ( as an option) hermaphrodites – have functional male & female sex organs separate sexes – male or female internal or external fertilization internal or external development of embryo Some type of nervous system Nerve net – simplest ;Ganglia – network of cells; brain - organ Some type of support system Exoskeleton – outside; endoskeleton- inside Hydrostatic – muscles filled with water Body Plans: there are different types of shapes associated with animal bodies 3 Main body plans (symmetry) Asymmetrical Body doesn’t have any regular geometric pattern; difficult to distinguish top & bottom; left & right Ex. sponge Radial Symmetry body parts come out 360 degrees from a central point; body plan has a definite top (dorsal) and bottom (ventral)but no left or right Ex. Sea star, sea anemone, jellyfish Bilateral symmetry body parts are arranged like a mirror image so that there is a top or back side (dorsal) a bottom or belly side (ventral); a left and right side; a head region or anterior and a tail or rear area (posterior). Ex. Planarian, humans Classification Invertebrates – no backbone or internal skeleton Phyla porifera platyhelminthes molluska nematoda arthropoda cnidaria annelida echinodermata Phylum Porifera (Pore bearers) Common name: Sponges General Characteristics: movement –movement as larvae; sessile as adult symmetry –asymmetrical ( no definite pattern) no differentiated tissues but there are differentiated cells: collar cells and ameobocytes Obtaining food and removing wastes Sponges are filter feeders - Water with food particles flows in through the small pores of the body into the central cavity. Food is passed into the tissues by amebocytes where it is absorbed by the cells. Waste is then passed out along the same pathway and leaves with the water as it passes out the osculum. Reproduction Asexual Budding - a collection of cells forms off the main body eventually developing into a new organism that separates from the original organism Regeneration - allows new organisms to develop from pieces of the old organisms Sexual Hermaphrodite – an organism that contains structures to make both eggs and sperm. Common in sessile organisms. Process: 1) Sperm and eggs are developed by each sponge, then sperm are released into the water flow through the body cavity and out the osculum. 2) The sperm then combine with eggs from other sponges via amebocytes. Sperm & egg combine to form zygote which develops flagellum and swims away. Phylum Cnidaria (stinging cells) Examples: jellyfish, hydra, coral, Portuguese Man-o-war, sea anemone General Characteristics: Radial symmetry ; tissues; primitive systems Body Plan: Medussa bell shaped, mouth down form Polyp cylindrical, mouth up form Tentacles long flowing appendages that contain stinging cells Nematocyst ( cnidocytes)stinging cells Digestive cavity (coelom) digestive cavity Worms: 3 phyla Flatworms (Simplest) ex. Tape worms, flukes, planarian parasite parasite free living Round worms (many parasites) ex. Hook worms, Ascaris, pin worms, heart worms Segmented Worms complex) (Most ex. Earth worms, leeches, sea worms Mollusks – Phylum Mollusca General Characteristics: Soft bodies- 3 main parts • Mantle – soft outer tissue layer •Foot – structure used for moving or attachment • visceral mass- area that contains most of the internal organs (heart, digestive, respiratory, sexual) 4 most common classes of mollusks: Chitons - most primitive herbivores eat with radula Gastropods(stomach foot) or univalves(one shell) Herbivores eat with radula ex. Snails, conches, whelks, slugs, nudibranchs Bivalves – 2 shells on a hinge Ex. Clams, oysters, scallops, mussels Filter feeders Cephalopods (head foot); carnivores Ex. Octopus, squid, cuttlefish, nautilus Most developed Phylum name Arthropoda ( segmented feet) General Characteristics: 1) Body arrangement – body arranged with 3 sections: head, thorax (middle), abdomen 2)Skeleton –exoskeleton made of chitin; very strong; in order to grow must molt old exoskeleton 3)Appendages multiple appendages (legs, antennae, mouth parts, swimming paddles) 4)Muscles well developed muscular system; muscles attached to exoskeleton 5) Nervous system with nerve cord and brain Senses: eyes to see images some sense of smell 6) Circulatory- open circulatory system; blood not in vessels Respiratory 8) aquatic = gills, terrestrial = tracheal tubes; book lungs Main groups Crustaceans, Arachnida, Myriapods & Insects Crustaceans - subphyla crustacea Examples: crabs, lobsters, shrimp, crayfish, pill bugs (roly-poly), barnacles copepods, lice, daphnia Habitat: aquatic except for pill bugs, lice, and a few species of crab Body regions - Large cephalothorax = head and thorax fused (carapace) and abdomen Appendages - 26 ; which include antennae, mouthparts, claws, walking legs, swimmerets, and tail region Sub phylum Chelicerata- examples: horseshoe crabs spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks Body regions: sm. cephalothorax, large abdomen Habitat: most are terrestrial (land) some marine (horseshoe crabs) Appendages: chelicerae 6 pr of appendages: 4 Walking legs, 1 pr pedipalps, 1 pr Type of eyes:simple eyes ; No antennae Spinnerets - produce silk to form webs ( not present in all spiders) Subphylum Uniramia Classes:Centipedes,Millipedes, and Insects Centipedes (hundred legs) have 1 pair of legs / segment; long legs; carnivores; may have venom in fang-like claws Millipedes legs; (thousand feet) have 2 pair of legs / segment; short herbivores Habitat: Terrestrial Body regions: Many equal sized segments Insects Examples: grasshoppers, ants, bees, beetles, mosquitoes, moths, butterflies, fleas, ladybugs Habitat: Found almost every where in the world except deep ocean Body Regions: head, thorax, and abdomen Appendages: antennae, mouth parts, 3 pairs of walking legs on thorax Compound eyes and tympanic membrane (see & hear) Classified by: types of appendages and mouth parts Development: Incomplete Metamorphosis 12% of insects Egg nymph adult Complete Metamorphosis 88% of insects Egg larva pupa adult Interesting Aspects of Insects: Disease many insects are vectors or carriers of microorganisms that cause disease in humans Social Insects ex. Bees, ants, termites; hierarchy structure – queen, drones, workers Camouflage, Mimicry, and Warning coloration insects may evolve to look like plant parts, look like poisonous insects, or advertise their danger with bright colors (yellow, orange, black) Phylum – Echinoderms General Characteristics: Marine environment (shoreline or deep water) Radial symmetry Spiny Skin Water vascular system Endoskeleton (calcium plates ) carnivores Vertebrates – animals with a backbone or internal skeleton Phylum – Chordata Classes: Agnatha Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia Phylum chordata – all have a nerve chord, notochord, gill slits or pouches, and a post-anal tail. Notochord may develop into vertebrae, gill pouches develop into gills or lungs All vertebrates have: •Endoskeleton (allows for larger body) •Axial skeleton = skull, ribcage, vertebrae •Appendicular skeleton = all other bones including appendage bones •Nervous system with brain •Closed circulatory system + chambered heart •Bilateral symmetry; •complete digestive system mouth anus Cold-blooded vertebrates (Ectothermic – body temperature is same as environment) Fish Agnatha (Jawless Fish) ex. Hagfish and lamprey Characteristics: no jaw, paired fins or bone; eel-like body; no vertebrae Chondrichthyes – Cartilagenous fish Ex. Sharks, skates, and rays Characteristics: calcified cartilage jaw, paired fins, scales, backbone made of cartilage Osteichthyes - Bony fish Ex. Ray-finned fish, lobe-finned fish such as Salmon, grouper, bass, tuna etc. Characteristics: Jaws, paired fins, bone skeleton, outer covering of scales Amphibia ex. Frogs, toads, salamanders, sirens, newts, mud puppies, caecilians (legless) Characteristics: most have 4 appendages (tetrapods); have an aquatic larval (tadpole) and terrestrial (adult) stages of life cycle; moist, permeable skin; external fertilization; egg have no exterior membrane or shell Reptiles Ex. Snakes, lizards, turtles, tortoises, alligators, crocodiles, caimans, gavials Characteristics: Scaly water-tight skin with keratin covering (avoids dehydration) Amniotic egg with leathery shell to survive on land Clawed appendages if present General Characteristics: •Feathers – composed of keratin •Wings – forelimbs are modified into wings and covered in feathers •Lightweight skeleton- fused bone structure with hollow air-filled bones •Endothermic metabolism – warmblooded; fast, efficient metabolism to provide energy needed for flight •Respiratory system has additional air sacs besides lungs •Beak with different modifications based on food source •Oviparity – lay amniotic eggs that incubate by parents and develop in to environment Evolutionary History &Adaptations History Birds have biochemical similarities and homologous structures that are like reptiles Scientists believe that birds evolved from dinosaurs Fossil evidence trace evolution from dinosaurs caudipteryx archaeopteryx birds Adaptations •Feathers – modified scales; same composition (keratin) •Hollow, fused skeleton - lightweight & very strong •Muscles and skin – large pectoral and chest muscles for flying •Lungs + air sacs receive increased oxygen and take in O2 when breathing in & out Flight feathers insulate, protect, and provide a smooth, low friction surface Down – insulation Contour - flying surface and protection from weather; may be water resistant if preened Reproduction Internal fertilization; amniotic egg with calcified hard shell for protection; must be incubated Digestion Have a complete digestive system Mouth esophagus crop gizzard intestines Aves - Birds Mammals •General Characteristics: •Endothermic •Body hair made of keratin •Specialized teeth •Viviparous – bear live young •Well developed brain •Diaphragm to aid in breathing •Mammary glands produce milk to feed young 3 groups of mammals Monotremes (first to evolve) Characteristics: egg layers; difficulty in controlling body temperature; all found in Australia Ex. duck-billed platypus; echidna Marsupials (pouched animals) Give birth to immature young that continue to develop in mother’s pouch Many found in Australia Ex. possums, koalas, kangaroos, wallaby Placental mammals ( 95% of all mammals) Characteristics: Carry unborn young in a uterus until young develop enough to survive on their own; unborn young are nourished by placenta; gestation – the time necessary for young to reach full development before birth (varies by species) Ex. rodents, bats, rabbits, dolphins, whales, bears, manatees, cows, sheep, pigs, horses, lions, elephants, monkeys, etc. … and humans