Download chapter 7-the skeleton

Skull
Thoracic cage
(ribs and
sternum)
Cranium
Facial bones
Clavicle
Scapula
Sternum
Rib
Humerus
Vertebra
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Bones of
pectoral
girdle
Upper
limb
Figure 7.1 The human skeleton.
Vertebral
column
Sacrum
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
(a) Anterior
view
Tarsals
Metatarsals (b) Posterior
view
Phalanges
Bones of
pelvic girdle
Lower
limb
Skull
Thoracic cage
(ribs and
sternum)
Cranium
Facial bones
Clavicle
Scapula
Sternum
Rib
Humerus
Vertebra
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Figure 7.1a The human
Sacrum
skeleton.
Vertebral
column
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
(a) Anterior view
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Cranium
Clavicle
Scapula
Rib
Humerus
Vertebra
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
(b) Posterior view
Bones of
pectoral
girdle
Upper
limb
Bones of
pelvic girdle
Lower
limb
Bones of cranium (cranial vault)
Coronal
suture
Figure 7.2a The skull:Squamous
Cranial
suture
and facial divisions and fossae.
Lambdoid
suture
Facial
bones
(a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull
Anterior cranial
fossa
Figure 7.2b The skull:
Cranial
Middle cranial
and facial divisonsfossa
and fossae.
Posterior cranial
fossa
(b) Superior view of the cranial fossae
Temporal lobe
of cerebrum
Cerebellum
Frontal lobe
of cerebrum
Figure 7.2c The skull: Cranial
and facial divisions and fossae.
Posterior
Cranial Middle
fossae Anterior
(c) Lateral view of cranial fossae showing the
contained brain regions
Cranial cavity
Frontal
bone
Figure 7.3 Major cavities of the
Frontal
Zygomatic
skull,
frontal
section.
sinus
bone
Orbit
Orbit
Ethmoid
bone
Ethmoid
sinuses
Maxillary
sinus
Nasal
cavity
Oral
cavity
Inferior
nasal
concha
Maxilla
Vomer
Mandible
Frontal bone
Glabella
Frontonasal suture
Supraorbital foramen
(notch)
Supraorbital margin
Superior orbital
fissure
Optic canal
Inferior orbital
fissure
Middle nasal
concha
Ethmoid
Perpendicular bone
plate
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Parietal bone
Squamous part
of frontal bone
Nasal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Temporal bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Figure 7.4a Anatomy of the
anterior and posterior aspects of
the skull.
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Mandible
Mental
foramen
Mandibular symphysis
Sagittal suture
Parietal
bone
Sutural
bone
Figure 7.4b Anatomy of the
anterior and posterior aspects of
the skull.
Lambdoid
suture
Occipital bone
Superior nuchal line
External
occipital
protuberance
Occipitomastoid
suture
(b) Posterior view
Mastoid
process
External
occipital
crest
Occipital
condyle
Inferior
nuchal
line
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Ethmoid bone
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Lacrimal bone
Lacrimal fossa
Lambdoid
suture
Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral
aspect of the skull, external and
internal views.
Squamous
suture
Occipital
bone
Zygomatic
process
Occipitomastoid
suture
External acoustic
meatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Nasal bone
Zygomatic
bone
Maxilla
Alveolar
margins
Mandible
Mental foramen
Mandibular condyle
Mandibular notch
Mandibular ramus
Mandibular angle
Coronoid process
Parietal bone
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Greater
wing
Lesser
wing
Squamous
suture
Temporal
bone
Sphenoid
bone
Figure 7.5b Bones of the lateral
aspect of the skull, external and
internal views.
Lambdoid
suture
Occipital
bone
Occipitomastoid
suture
External occipital
protuberance
Internal acoustic
meatus
Sella turcica
of sphenoid
bone
Frontal sinus
Crista galli
Nasal bone
Sphenoid sinus
Ethmoid bone
(perpendicular
plate)
Vomer
Incisive fossa
Maxilla
Alveolar
margins
Pterygoid
process of
sphenoid bone
Mandibular
foramen
Palatine bone
Mandible
Palatine process of maxilla
Maxilla
(palatine process)
Hard
palate Palatine bone
(horizontal plate)
Zygomatic bone
Temporal bone
(zygomatic process)
Vomer
Incisive fossa
Intermaxillary suture
Median palatine suture
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of
the skull, mandible removed.
Mandibular
fossa
Styloid process
Mastoid process
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Pharyngeal tubercle
of basilar region of
the occipital bone
Parietal bone
External occipital crest
External occipital
protuberance
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
External acoustic meatus
Stylomastoid
foramen
Jugular foramen
Occipital condyle
Inferior nuchal line
Superior nuchal line
Foramen magnum
Ethmoid
bone
Cribriform plate
Crista galli
Frontal bone
Olfactory foramina
Anterior cranial fossa
Optic canal
Sphenoid Lesser wing
Greater wing
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Figure 7.7a The floor of the
cranial cavity.
Hypophyseal fossa
of sella turcica
Middle cranial
fossa
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Foramen lacerum
Internal acoustic
meatus
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Posterior
cranial fossa
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Foramen magnum
View
Squamous
region
Figure 7.8 The temporal bone.
External
acoustic
meatus
Mastoid
region
Zygomatic process
Mastoid
process
Styloid process
Mandibular fossa
Tympanic region
Lesser wing
Superior
Optic canal
orbital
fissure
Foramen
Greater
rotundum
wing
Foramen
Hypophyseal
ovale
fossa of
Foramen
sella turcica
spinosum
Body of sphenoid
(a) Superior view
Figure 7.9 The sphenoid bone.
Body of sphenoid
Greater
wing
(b) Posterior view
Lesser
wing
Superior
orbital
fissure
Pterygoid
process
Optic canal
Greater
wing
Hypophyseal
fossa of
sella turcica
Lesser wing
Superior
orbital fissure
Foramen
rotundum
Foramen
ovale
Foramen
spinosum
Figure 7.9a The sphenoid bone.
Body of sphenoid
(a) Superior view
Body of sphenoid
Greater
wing
Lesser
wing
Superior
orbital
fissure
Figure 7.9b The sphenoid bone.
Pterygoid
process
(b) Posterior view
Crista galli
Figure 7.10
The
ethmoid bone.
Cribriform
Olfactory
foramina
Orbital
plate
plate
Left lateral mass
Ethmoidal
air cells
Perpendicular
plate
Middle nasal concha
Temporomandibular
joint
Mandibular fossa
of temporal bone
Mandibular notch
Mandibular
condyle
Coronoid
process
Mandibular foramen
Figure 7.11a Detailed anatomy
of the mandible and the maxilla.
Alveolar
margin
Mental
foramen
Ramus
of
mandible
Mandibular
angle
Body of mandible
Articulates with
frontal bone
Frontal process
Figure 7.11b Detailed anatomy
Infraorbital
of the mandible and the maxilla.
Zygomatic
foramen
Orbital
surface
process
(cut)
Anterior nasal
spine
Alveolar
margin
Figure 7.12 The hyoid bone,
anterior view.
Greater horn
Lesser horn
Body
Roof of orbit
Supraorbital notch
Superior
orbital fissure
Optic canal
• Lesser wing of
sphenoid bone
• Orbital plate of
frontal bone
Medial wall
Figure 7.13b Bones that form
the orbits.
• Sphenoid body
Lateral wall of orbit
• Orbital plate
of ethmoid bone
• Zygomatic process
of frontal bone
• Frontal process
of maxilla
• Greater wing of
sphenoid bone
• Lacrimal bone
• Orbital surface of
zygomatic bone
Nasal bone
Floor of orbit
Inferior orbital fissure
• Orbital process of
palatine bone
Infraorbital groove
Zygomatic bone
• Orbital surface of
maxillary bone
Infraorbital foramen
• Zygomatic bone
The Paranasal sinuses.
Frontal
sinus
Ethmoidal
air cells
(sinus)
Sphenoid
sinus
Maxillary
sinus
(a) Anterior aspect
(b) Medial aspect
Frontal
sinus
Ethmoidal
air cells
Sphenoid
sinus
Maxillary
sinus
C1
Cervical curvature
(concave)
7 vertebrae, C1–C7
Spinous
process
Transverse
processes
Figure 7.16 The vertebral
column.
Thoracic
curvature
(convex)
12 vertebrae,
T1–T12
Intervertebral
discs
Intervertebral
foramen
Lumbar curvature
(concave)
5 vertebrae, L1–L5
Sacral curvature
(convex)
5 fused vertebrae
sacrum
Coccyx
4 fused vertebrae
Anterior view
Right lateral view
Supraspinous
ligament
Transverse
process
Sectioned
spinous process
Ligamentum
flavum
Interspinous
ligament
Inferior articular
process
Intervertebral
disc
Anterior
longitudinal
ligament
Intervertebral foramen
Posterior longitudinal
ligament
Anulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
Posterior
longitudinal
ligament
Anterior
longitudinal
ligament
Body of a
vertebra
Figure 7.17 Ligaments and
fibrocartilage discs uniting the
vertebrae.
Sectioned body
of vertebra
(a) Median section of three vertebrae, illustrating
the composition of the discs and the ligaments
Intervertebral
disc
(b) Anterior view of part of the spinal column,
showing the anterior longitudinal ligament
Vertebral spinous process
(posterior aspect of vertebra)
Spinal cord
Spinal nerve root
Transverse
process
Nucleus
pulposus of
intact disc
Herniated portion
of disc
Anulus fibrosus
of disc
(c) Superior view of a herniated
intervertebral disc
Herniated
Nucleus
nucleus
pulposus
pulposus
of disc
(d) MRI of lumbar region of vertebral column
in sagittal section showing herniated disc
Supraspinous ligament
Transverse process
Intervertebral
disc
Anterior
longitudinal
ligament
Figure 7.17a Ligaments and
fibrocartilage discs uniting the
vertebrae.
Sectioned
spinous process
Ligamentum flavum
Interspinous
ligament
Inferior articular process
Intervertebral foramen
Posterior longitudinal
ligament
Anulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
Sectioned body
of vertebra
Vertebral spinous process
(posterior aspect of vertebra)
Spinal cord
Spinal nerve root
Figure 7.17c Ligaments and
Transverse
fibrocartilage discs uniting the
process
Herniated portion
vertebrae.
of disc
Anulus fibrosus
of disc
Nucleus
pulposus
of disc
Nucleus
pulposus of
intact disc
Figure 7.17d Ligaments and
fibrocartilage discs uniting the
vertebrae.
Herniated
nucleus
pulposus
(d) MRI of lumbar region of vertebral column
in sagittal section showing herniated disc
Lamina
Transverse
process
Posterior
Spinous
process
Vertebral
arch
Figure 7.18 Structure of a
Superior
typical
vertebra.
articular
process
and
facet
Pedicle
Anterior
Vertebral
foramen
Body
(centrum)
C1
Posterior
Lateral
masses
Posterior
Posterior
tubercle
Posterior arch
Posterior arch
Transverse
process
Transverse
foramen
Superior
articular
facet
Lateral
masses
Posterior
tubercle
Inferior
articular
facet
Figure 7.19 The first and second
cervical vertebrae.
Anterior
Anterior arch
tubercle
(a) Superior view of atlas (C1)
C2
Inferior
articular
process
Transverse
Anterior
foramen
arch
Facet for dens
Anterior tubercle
(b) Inferior view of atlas (C1)
Posterior
Spinous process
Lamina
Pedicle
Superior
articular
facet
Transverse
process
Dens
Body
(c) Superior view of axis (C2)
Dens of axis
Transverse ligament
of atlas
C1 (atlas)
C2 (axis)
C
Figure 7.20a Posterolateral
Inferior articular
process
views of articulated vertebrae.
3
Bifid spinous
process
Transverse processes
C7 (vertebra
prominens)
(a) Cervical vertebrae
Sacral promontory
Ala
Body of
first
sacral
vertebra
Transverse
ridges (sites
of vertebral
fusion)
Figure 7.21a The sacrum and
coccyx.
Apex
Anterior
sacral
foramina
Coccyx
(a) Anterior view
Ala
Sacral
canal
Body
Facet of
superior
articular
process
Auricular
surface
Figure 7.21b The sacrum and
Median
Lateral
coccyx.
sacral
sacral
crest
Posterior
sacral
foramina
Coccyx
(b) Posterior view
crest
Sacral
hiatus
Jugular notch
Clavicular notch
Manubrium
Sternal angle
Body
Xiphisternal
joint
Xiphoid
process
True
ribs
(1–7)
Sternum
Figure 7.22a The thoracic cage.
False
ribs
(8–12)
Intercostal spaces
Costal cartilage
Costal margin
L1
Vertebra
Floating ribs (11, 12)
Transverse costal facet
(for tubercle of rib)
Angle
of rib
Superior costal facet
(for head of rib)
Body of vertebra
Head of rib
disc
Figure 7.23aIntervertebral
Ribs.
Neck of rib
Tubercle of rib
Shaft Sternum
Crosssection
of rib
Costal groove
Costal cartilage
Acromioclavicular
joint
Clavicle
Figure 7.24a The pectoral girdle
and clavicle.
Scapula
Sternal (medial)
end
Figure 7.24b The pectoral girdle
Posterior
and clavicle.
Anterior
Acromial (lateral)
end
(b) Right clavicle, superior view
Acromial end
Figure 7.24c Anterior
The pectoral girdle
Sternal end
Trapezoid line
and clavicle.
Posterior
Conoid tubercle
(c) Right clavicle, inferior view
Acromion
Suprascapular notch
Superior border
Coracoid
process
Glenoid
cavity
Superior
angle
Figure 7.25a The scapula.
Lateral border
Subscapular
fossa
Medial border
Inferior angle
Suprascapular notch
Coracoid process
Superior
angle
Supraspinous
fossa
Acromion
Glenoid
cavity
at lateral
angle
Figure
7.25b
The
scapula.
Spine
Infraspinous
fossa
Medial border
Lateral border
Acromion
Supraspinous fossa
Supraglenoid
tubercle
Coracoid
process
Figure 7.25c
The
scapula.
Glenoid
Spine
Supraspinous
fossa
Infraspinous
fossa
Posterior
Subscapular
fossa
cavity
Infraspinous
fossa
Infraglenoid
tubercle
Subscapular
fossa
Anterior
Inferior angle
Greater
tubercle
Lesser
tubercle
Intertubercular
sulcus
Head of
humerus
Anatomical
neck
Greater
tubercle Humerus
Capitulum
Surgical
neck
Coronoid
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
Trochlea
Coronoid
process of
ulna
Radial notch
Ulna
(c) Anterior view at the elbow region
Head of
radius
Radial
tuberosity
Radius
Figure 7.26 The humerus of the
right arm and detailed views of
articulation at the elbow.
Radial groove
Deltoid
tuberosity
Lateral
supracondylar
ridge
Radial
fossa
Capitulum
(a) Anterior view
Deltoid
tuberosity
Medial
supracondylar
ridge
Coronoid
fossa
Olecranon
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
Trochlea
Humerus
Olecranon
process
Olecranon
fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Head
Ulna
Neck
Lateral
epicondyle
Radius
(d) Posterior view of extended elbow
(b) Posterior view
Radial notch
of the ulna
Head
Neck
Radial
tuberosity
Olecranon process
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Proximal radioulnar joint
Figure 7.27a Radius and ulna of
Interosseous membrane
the right forearm.
Ulna
Radius
Styloid process
of radius
Ulnar notch of the radius
Head of ulna
Styloid process of ulna
Distal radioulnar joint
Olecranon process
Head of radius
Neck of radius
Figure
7.27b
Radius
and
ulna
of
Interosseous
membrane
the right forearm.
Ulna
Ulnar notch of
the radius
Head of ulna
Styloid process
of ulna
Radius
Styloid process
of radius
Olecranon process
View
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch
Ulnar notch of radius
Articulation
for lunate
Figure 7.27d Radius and ulna of
Articulation
the right forearm.
for scaphoid
Styloid
process
View
Head of Styloid
process
ulna
Phalanges
• Distal
• Middle
• Proximal
Metacarpals
• Head
• Shaft
• Base
Figure 7.28b Bones of the left
hand.
Carpals
• Hamate
• Capitate
• Triquetrum
• Lunate
Ulna
Carpals
• Trapezium
• Trapezoid
• Scaphoid
Radius
Base of sacrum
Iliac fossa
Coxal
bone
(os coxae llium
or hip
Pubic
bone)
bone
Iliac crest
Sacroiliac
joint
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Sacral
promontory
Sacrum
Coccyx
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Pelvic brim
Acetabulum
Pubic tubercle
Pubic crest
Pubic symphysis
Ischium
Pubic arch
Anterior gluteal
line
Posterior
gluteal line
Posterior
superior
iIiac spine
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Greater sciatic
notch
Ischial body
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic
notch
Ischium
Ischial
tuberosity
Ischial ramus
Ala
Ilium
Iliac crest
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Inferior
gluteal line
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Acetabulum
Figure 7.30a Bones of the bony
pelvis.
Pubic body
Pubis
Inferior ramus
of pubis
Obturator foramen
Ilium
Iliac crest
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Iliac fossa
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Posterior
inferior
iliac spine
Auricular
surface
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
Obturator
foramen
Ischium
Figure 7.30b Bones of the bony
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
pelvis.
Arcuate line
Superior ramus
of pubis
Pubic tubercle
Articular surface
of pubis (at pubic
symphysis)
Inferior ramus
of pubis
Body of
the ilium
Ischial ramus
Fovea
capitis
Head
Lesser trochanter
Intertrochanteric
line
Gluteal tuberosity
Neck
Greater
trochanter
Intertrochanteric
crest
Figure 7.31b Bones of the right
Linea aspera
knee
and thigh.
Medial and
Lateral
epicondyle
Patellar
surface
Anterior view
lateral supracondylar lines
Intercondylar fossa
Medial condyle
Adductor
tubercle
Medial
epicondyle
Posterior view
Lateral
condyle
Lateral
epicondyle
Apex
Anterior
Figure 7.31a Bones
of the right
Facet for lateral
condyle of femur
knee and thigh.
Facet for
medial
condyle
of femur
Surface for
patellar
ligament
Posterior
Lateral condyle
Head
Proximal tibiofibular
joint
Intercondylar eminence
Medial condyle
Tibial tuberosity
Interosseous
membrane
Figure 7.32a The tibia
and fibula
Anterior border
of the right leg.
Fibula
Distal tibiofibular
joint
Lateral malleolus
Tibia
Articular surface
Medial malleolus
Articular surface
of medial condyle
Medial condyle
Articular surface of
lateral condyle
Head of fibula
Figure 7.32b The tibia and
fibula of the right leg.
Interosseous
membrane
Tibia
Fibula
Articular surface
Medial malleolus
Lateral malleolus
Distal
Middle
Proximal
Phalanges
Figure 7.33a Bones of the right
Metatarsals
Medial
foot.
cuneiform
1
Intermediate
cuneiform
Navicular
Talus
Trochlea
of talus
2
3
4
5
Lateral
cuneiform
Cuboid
Calcaneus
Tarsals
Medial longitudinal
arch
Transverse arch
Figure 7.34a Arches of the foot.
Lateral
longitudinal arch
Frontal bone
Ossification
center
Frontal suture
Anterior
fontanelle
Parietal bone
Figure
7.35
Skull
of
a
newborn.
Posterior fontanelle
Occipital bone
(a) Superior view
Parietal bone
Ossification
center
Posterior
fontanelle
Mastoid
fontanelle
(b) Lateral view
Frontal bone
Sphenoidal
fontanelle
Temporal bone
(squamous portion)
Occipital bone
Nucleus
pulposus of
intact disc
Figure 7.17d Ligaments and
fibrocartilage discs uniting the
vertebrae.
Herniated
nucleus
pulposus
(d) MRI of lumbar region of vertebral column
in sagittal section showing herniated disc