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GEOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEW HEMATITE • Red streak • Metal • Heavy magnetite • • • • Magnetic Heavy Metallic Black streak plagioclase • Scratches glass • White • 2 directional cleavage pyrite • Fool’s gold • Metal halite • Salty • 3= 90 cleavage • soft galena • 3= 90 cleavage • Metal • heavy calcite • • • • • Fizzes 3 ≠ 90 cleavage Double refraction Soft Main mineral in limestone and marble K-feldspar • Pink • Scratches glass • 2= 90 cleavage muscovite • Flakey- 1 directional cleavage • Light in color quartz • • • • Most common mineral Scratches glass NMV Hexagonal crystals • Rock crystal- tpt • All others- tlt fluorite • Soft • Many colors; purple and green • 4 directional cleavage graphite • Pencil “lead” • Soft metal IGNEOUS ROCKS GRANITE • • • • Intrusive igneous Cooled slowly Felsic Has quartz, plag., biotite, K-feld, hornblende • Formed underground (dikes, sills, batholiths) Andesite • • • • Extrusive intermediate Usually porphyritic Composite volcanoes pumice • • • • Felsic Extrusive Composite volcanoes vesicular basalt • • • • Extrusive Mafic Shield volcanoes From runny lava flows • Pahoehoe and Aa are types of basalt gabbro • • • • “black granite” Intrusive Mafic Formed underground (dikes, sills, batholiths) • Granite’s mafic cousin scoria • Vesicular • Mafic • From cinder volcanoes • Pumice’s “mafic cousin” SEDIMENTARY Crystalline limestone • • • • Fizzes Chemical precipitate Forms in deep ocean From dissolved shells fossiliferous Rock gypsum • Evaporite • soft shale • Fine clastic • From mud sandstone • Gritty • From beach/desert • clastic coal • • • • Bioclastic From swamps Organic lightweight chalk • Soft • Bioclastic (forminifera) • fizzes arkose • High in K-feldspar • Sandstone • clastic coquina • Bioclastic • Made of shells • Forms near reefs • Conglomerate • Fast moving river • Breccia • Alluvial fan • flint • Chert Metamorphic slate • Metamorphosed shale • Foliated • Parent rock: shale Gneiss • Banded (striped) • Foliated • Parent rock- granite marble • Can be many colors • Metamorphosed limestone • Not foliated • Will fizz (calcite) Quartzite • Metamorphosed sandstone • Non foliated • Will scratch glass • Any color Schist • Foliated • Highly reflective • May have garnets metaconglomerate OTHER STUFF Mining Silicate structures why common? Gold % • Divide by 24 (pure gold) Geodes • Form from precipitation of quartz in a hollow opening 1 carat= .2 grams • 50 cts= • 25 grams= grams carats Rock cycle oxidation dissolution • Usually limestone • Acid rain • Forms caves/sinkholes CLIMATE • TROPICAL – Strong chemical • DESERT – Slight mechanical • POLAR – Slight mechanical • MID LATITUDE (MI) – Strong chemical and mechanical TYPES OF SOIL • Sandy- drains fast • Clayey- absorbs water; doesn’t let water pass through; poor for house foundations • Loamy- best for plants transgression • Rise in sea level regression • Drop in sea level caves viscosity • Rhyolite • High viscosity (thick) • Explosive eruption • Basalt • Low viscosity (runny) • Quiet eruptions lithification • Precipitation • Evaporation • Cementation • compaction
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