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Creating a New France Radical Days Revolts in Paris and the Provinces • 80% of a peasants income was spent on bread The Great Fear • A time of rumors that spread fear among the people – Famine and fear caused peasants to attack nobles and their way of life • Because of their attempts to impose former medieval taxes on them – Attacks ended after the peasants displayed their anger for society Paris In Arms • Various groups competed for power – The Moderates – led by Lafayette • Organized the National Guard to defend Paris against the king’s troops – The Radicals • Established the Paris Commune to get neighborhoods to protest and create violence – They also acted as the government of Paris • They wanted to end the monarchy Liberty, Equality, Fraternity • The National Assembly gave up privileges like: – – – – Manorial dues Hunting rights Special legal status Exemption from taxation • They also abolished feudalism making everyone equal Declaration of the Rights of Man • Based on the Declaration of Independence – Said men were free & equal – Had natural rights of liberty, property, security and freedom from oppression – Gave freedom of religion – Based taxes on a person’s ability to pay them Women March on Versailles • A mob of women marched to Versailles demanding: – Bread – Death to Marie Antoinette • The crowd brought the king and his wife back to Paris and kept them prisoners in their palace for the next three years • The National Assembly came back to Paris with the king A Time of Reform • Reorganizing the Church – National Assembly voted to sell all church land to pay off debts and to put the church under state control A Written Constitution • Constitution of 1791 created a limited monarchy in place of the absolute monarch that already existed • Created a Legislative Assembly to: – Make laws – Collect taxes – Declare war & peace • Would be elected by male taxpayers The Fateful Flight • Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI escaped Paris in a carriage, but were caught when they stopped in a small town – They were declared traitors to the revolution • This led to a more radical phase of the revolution as other countries denounced it because they feared the revolution would spread to their countries Sans-culottes & Jacobins • Sans-culottes – working class men and women – Wanted a republic and a guarantee that their wages would allow them to survive • Got support from the Jacobins – a club of lawyers and intellectuals Radical Days • Downfall of the Monarchy – Violence occurred because revolutionaries believed the king was supporting other countries in the war – The palace was invaded by people who killed all the guards, but the king & his wife managed to escape to the Legislative Assembly – Next they attacked prisons where nobles and priests were being held, killing them as well as common criminals The French Republic • Radicals took control of the Assembly and extended suffrage – the right to vote, to all male citizens • Replaced the Legislative Assembly with the National Convention • The monarchy was abolished and a republic was established Death to the King • The Jacobins that controlled the Convention: – Seized all noble land – Abolished titles of nobility • They convicted Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette and beheaded them with the guillotine The Convention Under Siege • Maximilian Robespierre became the leader of the Committee of Public Safety – Created to prevent counterrevolutionaries from ending the revolution – He invented the “Reign of Terror” which established makeshift courts to kill approximately 40,000 people in one year • By the end of the “Reign of Terror,” Robespierre lost his head too Reaction and the Directory • To end the “Terror” the Convention created another constitution that set up a 5-man Directory and a two-house legislature – It proved useless in solving problems – In 1799 many politicians turned to Napoleon to solve France’s problems