Download Synovial Joints - HCC Learning Web

9
Articulations
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by
Jason LaPres
Lone Star College—North Harris
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to Articulations
• Learning Outcomes
• 9-1 Contrast the major categories of joints, and
explain the relationship between structure and
function for each category.
• 9-2 Describe the basic structure of a synovial joint,
and describe common synovial joint accessory
structures and their functions.
• 9-3 Describe how the anatomical and functional
properties of synovial joints permit movements of
the skeleton.
• 9-4 Describe the articulations between the vertebrae
of the vertebral column.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to Articulations
• Learning Outcomes
• 9-5 Describe the structure and function of the
shoulder joint and the elbow joint.
• 9-6 Describe the structure and function of the hip joint
and the knee joint.
• 9-7 Describe the effects of aging on articulations, and
discuss the most common age-related clinical
problems for articulations.
• 9-8 Explain the functional relationships between the
skeletal system and other body systems.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
An Introduction to Articulations
• Articulations
• Body movement occurs at joints (articulations) where
two bones connect
• Joint Structure
• Determines direction and distance of movement
(range of motion or ROM)
• Joint strength decreases as mobility increases
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-1 Classification of Joints
• Two Methods of Classification
1. Functional classification is based on range of motion
of the joint
2. Structural classification relies on the anatomical
organization of the joint
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-1 Classification of Joints
• Functional Classifications
• Synarthrosis (immovable joint)
• Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable joint)
• Diarthrosis (freely movable joint)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-1 Classification of Joints
• Structural Classifications
• Bony
• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 9-1 Functional and Structural Classifications of Articulations
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 9-1 Functional and Structural Classifications of Articulations
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 9-1 Functional and Structural Classifications of Articulations
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-1 Classification of Joints
• Synarthroses (Immovable Joints)
•
Are very strong
•
Edges of bones may touch or interlock
•
Four types of synarthrotic joints
1. Suture
2. Gomphosis
3. Synchondrosis
4. Synostosis
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-1 Classification of Joints
• Suture
• Bones interlocked
• Are bound by dense fibrous connective tissue
• Are found only in skull
• Gomphosis
• Fibrous connection (periodontal ligament)
• Binds teeth to sockets
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-1 Classification of Joints
• Synchondrosis
• Is a rigid cartilaginous bridge between two bones
• Epiphyseal cartilage of long bones
• Between vertebrosternal ribs and sternum
• Synostosis
• Fused bones, immovable
• Metopic suture of skull
• Epiphyseal lines of long bones
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-1 Classification of Joints
• Amphiarthroses
•
More movable than synarthrosis
•
Stronger than freely movable joint
•
Two types of amphiarthroses
1. Syndesmosis
•
Bones connected by ligaments
2. Symphysis
•
Bones separated by fibrocartilage
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-1 Classification of Joints
• Synovial Joints (Diarthroses)
• Also called movable joints
• At ends of long bones
• Within articular capsules
• Lined with synovial membrane
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-2 Synovial Joints
• Articular Cartilages
• Pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules
• Prevent bones from touching
• Smooth surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid
• Reduce friction
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-2 Synovial Joints
• Synovial Fluid
• Contains slippery proteoglycans secreted by
fibroblasts
• Functions of synovial fluid
1. Lubrication
2. Nutrient distribution
3. Shock absorption
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-2 Synovial Joints
• Accessory Structures
• Cartilages
• Fat pads
• Ligaments
• Tendons
• Bursae
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-2 Synovial Joints
• Cartilages
• Cushion the joint
• Fibrocartilage pad called a meniscus (or articular disc;
plural, menisci)
• Fat Pads
• Superficial to the joint capsule
• Protect articular cartilages
• Ligaments
• Support, strengthen joints
• Sprain – ligaments with torn collagen fibers
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-2 Synovial Joints
• Tendons
• Attach to muscles around joint
• Help support joint
• Bursae
• Singular, bursa, a pouch
• Pockets of synovial fluid
• Cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-2 Synovial Joints
• Factors That Stabilize Synovial Joints
• Prevent injury by limiting range of motion
• Collagen fibers (joint capsule, ligaments)
• Articulating surfaces and menisci
• Other bones, muscles, or fat pads
• Tendons of articulating bones
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-1a The Structure of a Synovial Joint
Medullary cavity
Spongy bone
Periosteum
Fibrous joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Articular cartilages
Joint cavity
(containing
synovial fluid)
Compact bone
Synovial joint, sagittal section
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-1b The Structure of a Synovial Joint
Bursa
Joint capsule
Quadriceps tendon
Femur
Synovial
membrane
Meniscus
Intracapsular
ligament
Patella
Articular cartilage
Fat pad
Patellar ligament
Tibia
Joint cavity
Meniscus
Knee joint, sagittal section
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-2 Synovial Joints
• Injuries
• Dislocation (luxation)
• Articulating surfaces forced out of position
• Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule
• Subluxation
• A partial dislocation
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-3 Movements
• Three Types of Dynamic Motion
1. Linear movement (gliding)
2. Angular movement
3. Rotation
• Planes (Axes) of Dynamic Motion
•
Monaxial (1 axis)
•
Biaxial (2 axes)
•
Triaxial (3 axes)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-2 A Simple Model of Articular Movement
Initial position
Gliding movement
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Angular movement
Circumduction
Rotation
Figure 9-2a A Simple Model of Articular Movement
Initial position
Initial position of
the model. The
pencil is at right
angles to surface.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-2b A Simple Model of Articular Movement
Gliding movement
Possible movement 1,
showing gliding, an
example of linear
movement. The pencil
remains vertical, but
tip moves away from
point of origin.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-2c A Simple Model of Articular Movement
Angular movement
Possible movement 2,
showing angular movement.
The pencil tip remains
stationary, but shaft changes
angle relative to the surface.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-2d A Simple Model of Articular Movement
Circumduction
Possible movement 2,
showing a special type
of angular movement
called circumduction.
Pencil tip remains
stationary while the
shaft, held at an angle
less than 90º, moves in
a conical pattern to
complete a circle.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-2e A Simple Model of Articular Movement
Rotation
Possible movement
3, showing rotation.
With tip at same
point, the angle of
the shaft remains
unchanged as the
shaft spins around
its longitudinal axis.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-3 Movements
• Types of Movement at Synovial Joints
• Terms describe:
• Plane or direction of motion
• Relationship between structures
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-3 Movements
• Types of Movement at Synovial Joints
• Gliding Movement
• Two surfaces slide past each other
• Between carpal or tarsal bones
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-3 Movements
• Angular Movement
• Flexion
• Angular motion
• Anterior–posterior plane
• Reduces angle between elements
• Extension
• Angular motion
• Anterior–posterior plane
• Increases angle between elements
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-3 Movements
• Angular Movement
• Hyperextension
• Angular motion
• Extension past anatomical position
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-3a Angular Movements
Extension
Flexion
Hyperextension
Flexion
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Extension
Flexion
Hyperextension
Extension
Flexion/extension
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-3 Movements
• Angular Movement
• Abduction
• Angular motion
• Frontal plane
• Moves away from longitudinal axis
• Adduction
• Angular motion
• Frontal plane
• Moves toward longitudinal axis
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-3b Angular Movements
Abduction
Abduction
Adduction
Adduction
Abduction
Adduction
Abduction
Adduction
Abduction/adduction
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-3c Angular Movements
Adduction
Abduction
Adduction/abduction
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-3 Movements
• Angular Movement
• Circumduction
• Circular motion without rotation
• Angular motion
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-3d Angular Movements
Circumduction
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-3 Movements
• Types of Movement at Synovial Joints
• Rotation
• Direction of rotation from anatomical position
• Relative to longitudinal axis of body
• Left or right rotation
• Medial rotation (inward rotation)
• Rotates toward axis
• Lateral rotation (outward rotation)
• Rotates away from axis
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-4a Rotational Movements
Head rotation
Right
rotation
Lateral
(external)
rotation
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Left
rotation
Medial
(internal)
rotation
9-3 Movements
• Types of Movements at Synovial Joints
• Rotation
• Pronation
• Rotates forearm, radius over ulna
• Supination
• Forearm in anatomical position
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-4b Rotational Movements
Supination
Pronation
Supination
Pronation
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-3 Movements
• Special Movements
• Inversion
• Twists sole of foot medially
• Eversion
• Twists sole of foot laterally
• Dorsiflexion
• Flexion at ankle (lifting toes)
• Plantar flexion
• Extension at ankle (pointing toes)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-5 Synovial Joints
Eversion
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Inversion
Figure 9-5 Synovial Joints
Dorsiflexion
(ankle flexion)
Plantar
flexion
(ankle extension)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-3 Movements
• Special Movements
• Opposition
• Thumb movement toward fingers or palm (grasping)
• Reposition
• Opposite of opposition
• Protraction
• Moves anteriorly
• In the horizontal plane (pushing forward)
• Retraction
• Opposite of protraction
• Moving anteriorly (pulling back)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-5 Synovial Joints
Opposition
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-5 Synovial Joints
Retraction
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Protraction
9-3 Movements
• Special Movements
• Elevation
• Moves in superior direction (up)
• Depression
• Moves in inferior direction (down)
• Lateral flexion
• Bends vertebral column from side to side
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-5 Synovial Joints
Depression
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Elevation
Figure 9-5 Synovial Joints
Lateral flexion
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-3 Movements
• Classification of Synovial Joints by Shape
• Gliding
• Hinge
• Pivot
• Condylar
• Saddle
• Ball-and-socket
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-3 Movements
• Gliding Joints
• Flattened or slightly curved faces
• Limited motion (nonaxial)
• Hinge Joints
• Angular motion in a single plane (monaxial)
• Pivot Joints
• Rotation only (monaxial)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints
Gliding joint
Movement: slight nonaxial or multiaxial
Examples:
Manubrium
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Acromioclavicular and claviculosternal joints
• Intercarpal and intertarsal joints
• Vertebrocostal joints
• Sacro-iliac joints
Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints
Hinge joint
Humerus
Ulna
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Movement: monaxial
Examples:
• Elbow joint
• Knee joint
• Ankle joint
• Interphalangeal joint
Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints
Pivot joint
Movement: monaxial (rotation)
Examples:
Atlas
Axis
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Atlanto-axial joint
• Proximal radio-ulnar joint
9-3 Movements
• Condylar Joints
• Oval articular face within a depression
• Motion in two planes (biaxial)
• Saddle Joints
• Two concave, straddled (biaxial)
• Ball-and-socket Joints
• Round articular face in a depression (triaxial)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints
Condylar joint
Movement: biaxial
Examples:
Scaphoid
bone
Ulna
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Radiocarpal joint
• Metacarpophalangeal joints 2–5
• Metatarsophalangeal joints
Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints
Saddle joint
Movement: biaxial
Examples:
III II
Metacarpal
bone of thumb
Trapezium
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
• First carpometacarpal joint
Figure 9-6 Synovial Joints
Ball-and-socket joint
Scapula
Humerus
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Movement: triaxial
Examples:
• Shoulder joint
• Hip joint
9-3 Movements
• Joints
• A joint cannot be both mobile and strong
• The greater the mobility, the weaker the joint
• Mobile joints are supported by muscles and
ligaments, not bone-to-bone connections
ANIMATION Representative Articulations: A Functional Classification
of Synovial Joints
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-4 Intervertebral Articulations
• Intervertebral Articulations
• C2 to L5 spinal vertebrae articulate:
• At inferior and superior articular processes (gliding
joints)
• Between adjacent vertebral bodies (symphyseal joints)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-4 Intervertebral Articulations
• Intervertebral Discs
• Pads of fibrocartilage
• Separate vertebral bodies
• Anulus fibrosus
• Tough outer layer
• Attaches disc to vertebrae
• Nucleus pulposus
• Elastic, gelatinous core
• Absorbs shocks
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-7 Intervertebral Articulations
Superior
articular
facet
Intervertebral
Disc
Vertebral end plate
Intervertebral
foramen
Ligamentum
flavum
Anulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
Spinal cord
Posterior
longitudinal
ligament
Spinal nerve
Interspinous
ligament
Supraspinous
ligament
Anterior
longitudinal
ligament
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-4 Intervertebral Articulations
• Vertebral Joints
• Also called symphyseal joints
• As vertebral column moves:
• Nucleus pulposus shifts
• Disc shape conforms to motion
• Intervertebral Ligaments
• Bind vertebrae together
• Stabilize the vertebral column
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-4 Intervertebral Articulations
• Six Intervertebral Ligaments
1. Anterior longitudinal ligament
•
Connects anterior bodies
2. Posterior longitudinal ligament
•
Connects posterior bodies
3. Ligamentum flavum
•
Connects laminae
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-4 Intervertebral Articulations
• Six Intervertebral Ligaments
4. Interspinous ligament
•
Connects spinous processes
5. Supraspinous ligament
•
Connects tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum)
6. Ligamentum nuchae
•
Continues supraspinous ligament (C7 to skull)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-4 Intervertebral Articulations
• Damage to Intervertebral Discs
• Slipped disc
• Bulge in anulus fibrosus
• Invades vertebral canal
• Herniated disc
• Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus
• Presses on spinal cord or nerves
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-8a Damage to the Intervertebral Discs
T12
Normal
intervertebral
disc
L1
Slipped
disc
L2
A lateral view of the
lumbar region of the
spinal column, showing a
distorted intervertebral
disc (a “slipped” disc)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-8b Damage to the Intervertebral Discs
Compressed area
of spinal nerve
Nucleus pulposus
of herniated disc
Spinal nerve
Spinal cord
Anulus
fibrosus
A sectional view through
a herniated disc, showing
the release of the nucleus
pulposus and its effect
on the spinal cord and
adjacent spinal nerves
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-4 Intervertebral Articulations
• Movements of the Vertebral Column
1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. Lateral flexion
4. Rotation
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-4 Articulations of the Axial Skeleton
Articulations of the Axial Skeleton
Element
Joint
Type of
Articulation
Movement(s)
Cranial and
facial bones
of skull
Various
Synarthroses
(suture or
synostosis
None
Maxilla/teeth
and
mandible/teeth
Alveolar
Synarthrosis
(gomphosis)
None
Temporal
bone/mandible
Temporomandibular
Combined gliding
joint and hinge
diarthrosis
Elevation,
depression,
and lateral
gliding
SKULL
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-4 Articulations of the Axial Skeleton
Articulations of the Axial Skeleton
Element
Joint
Type of
Articulation
Movement(s)
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Occipital
bone/atlas
Atlanto-occipital
Condylar
diarthrosis
Flexion/
extension
Atlas/axis
Atlanto-axial
Pivot
diarthrosis
Rotation
Other vertebral
elements
Intervertebral
(between vertebral
bodies)
Amphiarthrosis
(symphysis)
Slight
movement
Intervertebral
(between articular
processes)
Gliding
diarthritis
Slight rotation
and flexion/
extension
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-4 Articulations of the Axial Skeleton
Articulations of the Axial Skeleton
Element
Joint
Type of
Articulation
Movement(s)
Amphiarthrosis
(symphysis)
Slight
movement
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
L5/sacrum
Between L5 body
and sacral body
Between inferior
Gliding
articular processes diarthrosis
of L5 and articular
processes of
sacrum
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slight flexion/
extension
9-4 Articulations of the Axial Skeleton
Articulations of the Axial Skeleton
Element
Joint
Type of
Articulation
Movement(s)
Slight
movement
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Sacrum/coxal
bone
Sacro-iliac
Gliding
diarthrosis
Sacrum/coccyx
Sacrococcygeal
Gliding
Slight
diarthrosis (may movement
become fused)
Coccygeal
bones
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Synarthrosis
(synostosis)
No movement
9-4 Articulations of the Axial Skeleton
Articulations of the Axial Skeleton
Element
Joint
Type of
Articulation
Movement(s)
Bodies of T1–T12
and heads of ribs
Costovertebral
Gliding
diarthrosis
Slight
movement
Transverse
processes of T1–
T10
Costovertebral
Gliding
diarthrosis
Slight
movement
Synarthrosis
(synchondrosis)
No movement
THORACIC CAGE
Ribs and costal
cartilages
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-4 Articulations of the Axial Skeleton
Articulations of the Axial Skeleton
Element
Joint
Type of
Articulation
Movement(s)
Sternum and first
costal cartilage
Sternocostal
(1st)
Synarthrosis
(synchondrosis)
No movement
Sternum and
costal cartilages
2–7
Sternocostal
(2nd–7th)
Gliding
diarthrosis
Slight
movement
THORACIC CAGE
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-5 The Shoulder Joint
• The Shoulder Joint
• Also called the glenohumeral joint
• Allows more motion than any other joint
• Is the least stable
• Supported by skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments
• Ball-and-socket diarthrosis
• Between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-5 The Shoulder Joint
• Socket of the Shoulder Joint
• Glenoid labrum
• Deepens socket of glenoid cavity
• Fibrocartilage lining
• Extends past the bone
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-5 The Shoulder Joint
• Processes of the Shoulder Joint
• Acromion (clavicle) and coracoid process (scapula)
• Project laterally, superior to the humerus
• Help stabilize the joint
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-5 The Shoulder Joint
• Shoulder Ligaments
• Glenohumeral
• Coracohumeral
• Coraco-acromial
• Coracoclavicular
• Acromioclavicular
• Shoulder Separation
• Dislocation of the shoulder joint
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-5 The Shoulder Joint
• Shoulder Muscles (Rotator Cuff)
• Supraspinatus
• Infraspinatus
• Subscapularis
• Teres minor
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-5 The Shoulder Joint
• Shoulder Bursae
• Subacromial
• Subcoracoid
• Subdeltoid
• Subscapular
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-9a The Shoulder Joint
Acromioclavicular Coracoclavicular
ligaments
ligament
Tendon of
supraspinatus
muscle
Clavicle
Acromion
Articular
capsule
Subdeltoid
bursa
Synovial
membrane
Scapula
Humerus
Glenoid labrum
Articular
capsule
Anterior view, frontal section
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Coraco-acromial
ligament
Coracoid
process
Articular
cartilages
Joint cavity
Figure 9-9b The Shoulder Joint
Acromioclavicular
ligament
Coraco-acromial
ligament
Tendon of
supraspinatus
muscle
Clavicle
Coracoclavicular
ligaments
Tendon of biceps
brachii muscle
Coracohumeral
ligament (cut)
Coracoid
process
Subcoracoid
bursa
Subscapular
bursa
Subscapularis
muscle
Acromion
Subacromial
bursa
Tendon of
infraspinatus
muscle
Teres minor
muscle
Glenohumeral
ligaments
Articular
capsule
Glenoid cavity
Scapula
Glenoid labrum
Lateral view of pectoral girdle
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-5 The Elbow Joint
• The Elbow Joint
• A stable hinge joint
• With articulations involving humerus, radius, and ulna
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-5 The Elbow Joint
• Articulations of the Elbow
• Humero-ulnar joint
• Largest articulation
• Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
• Limited movement
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-5 The Elbow Joint
• Articulations of the Elbow
• Humeroradial joint
• Smaller articulation
• Capitulum of humerus and head of radius
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-10a The Right Elbow Joint Showing Stabilizing Ligaments
Humerus Radial
collateral
ligament
Radial
tuberosity
Antebrachial
interosseous
membrane
Radius
Ulna
Capitulum
Annular ligament (covering
head and neck of radius)
Lateral view
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-5 The Elbow Joint
• Supporting Structures of the Elbow
• Biceps brachii muscle
• Attached to radial tuberosity
• Controls elbow motion
• Elbow Ligaments
• Radial collateral
• Annular
• Ulnar collateral
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-10b The Right Elbow Joint Showing Stabilizing Ligaments
Tendon of biceps
brachii muscle
Annular
ligament
Articular
capsule
Antebrachial
interosseous
membrane
Medial
epicondyle
Ulnar
collateral
ligament
Radius
Ulna
Olecranon
of ulna
Medial view
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Humerus
9-6 The Hip Joint
• The Hip Joint
• Also called coxal joint
• Strong ball-and-socket diarthrosis
• Wide range of motion
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-6 The Hip Joint
• Structures of the Hip Joint
• Head of femur fits into it
• Socket of acetabulum
• Which is extended by fibrocartilaginous acetabular
labrum
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-6 The Hip Joint
• Ligaments of the Hip Joint
• Iliofemoral
• Pubofemoral
• Ischiofemoral
• Transverse acetabular
• Ligamentum teres
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-11a The Right Hip Joint
Iliofemoral ligament
Fibrocartilage pad
Acetabular labrum
Ligament of the
femoral head
Acetabulum
Transverse acetabular
ligament (spanning
acetabular notch)
Fat pad
in acetabular
fossa
A lateral view with the femur removed
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-11b The Right Hip Joint
Pubofemoral
ligament
Greater
trochanter
Iliofemoral
ligament
Lesser
trochanter
An anterior view
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-11c The Right Hip Joint
Iliofemoral
ligament
Ischiofemoral
ligament
Greater
trochanter
Lesser
trochanter
Ischial tuberosity
A posterior view, showing additional ligaments that add strength
to the capsule
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-6 The Knee Joint
• The Knee Joint
• A complicated hinge joint
• Transfers weight from femur to tibia
• Articulations of the knee joint
• Two femur–tibia articulations
• At medial and lateral condyles
• One between patella and patellar surface of femur
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-6 The Knee Joint
• The Articular Capsule and Joint Cavity
• Medial and lateral menisci
• Fibrocartilage pads
• At femur–tibia articulations
• Cushion and stabilize joint
• Give lateral support
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-6 The Knee Joint
• Seven Major Supporting Ligaments
1. Patellar ligament (anterior)
2. & 3. Two popliteal ligaments (posterior)
4. & 5. Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (inside
joint capsule)
6. Tibial collateral ligament (medial)
7. Fibular collateral ligament (lateral)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-12a The Right Knee Joint
Quadriceps
tendon
Patella
Patellar
retinaculae
Fibular
collateral
ligament
Tibial
collateral
ligament
Patellar
ligament
Tibia
Anterior view, superficial layer
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Joint
capsule
Figure 9-12b The Right Knee Joint
Femur
Joint
capsule
Plantaris
muscle
Gastrocnemius
muscle,
lateral head
Gastrocnemius
muscle,
medial head
Bursa
Fibular
collateral
ligament
Tibial
collateral
ligament
Cut tendon
of biceps
femoris
muscle
Popliteal
ligaments
Popliteus
muscle
Tibia
Fibula
Posterior view, superficial layer
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 9-12c The Right Knee Joint
Patellar
surface
Fibular
collateral
ligament
Posterior cruciate
ligament
Lateral
condyle
Medial condyle
Tibial collateral
ligament
Lateral
meniscus
Cut
tendon
Medial meniscus
Tibia
Fibula
Deep anterior view, flexed
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Anterior cruciate
ligament
Figure 9-12d The Right Knee Joint
Femur
Posterior cruciate
ligament
Fibular collateral
ligament
Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
Tibial collateral
ligament
Lateral
meniscus
Cut tendon
Medial meniscus
Anterior cruciate
ligament
Fibula
Tibia
Deep posterior view, extended
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-6 Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton
Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton
Element
Joint
Type of
Articulation
Movements
ARTICULATIONS OF THE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB
Sternum/
clavicle
Sternoclavicular
Gliding diarthrosis
Protraction/
retraction,
elevation/
depression,
slight rotation
Scapula/
clavicle
Acromioclavicular
Gliding diarthrosis
Slight
movement
Scapula/
humerus
Shoulder, or
glenohumeral
Ball-and-socket
diarthrosis
Flexion/
extension,
adduction/
abduction,
circumduction,
rotation
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-6 Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton
Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton
Element
Joint
Type of
Articulation
Movements
ARTICULATIONS OF THE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB
Humerus/ulna
and humerus/
radius
Elbow (humeroulnar and
humeroradial)
Hinge diarthrosis
Flexion/
extension
Radius/ulna
Proximal radioulnar
Pivot diarthrosis
Rotation
Distal radio-ulnar
Pivot diarthrosis
Pronation/
supination
Radiocarpal
Condylar
diarthrosis
Flexion/
extension,
adduction/
abduction,
circumduction
Radius/carpal
bones
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-6 Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton
Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton
Element
Joint
Type of
Articulation
Movements
ARTICULATIONS OF THE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB
Carpal bone to
carpal bone
Intercarpal
Gliding
diarthrosis
Slight movement
Carpal bone to
metacarpal
bone (I)
Carpometacarpal
of thumb
Saddle
diarthrosis
Flexion/ extension,
adduction/ abduction,
circumduction,
opposition
Carpal bone to
metacarpal
bone (II–V)
Carpometacarpal
Gliding
diarthrosis
Slight flexion/
extension,
adduction/abduction
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-6 Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton
Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton
Element
Joint
Type of
Articulation
Movements
ARTICULATIONS OF THE PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB
Metacarpal bone
to phalanx
Metacarpophalangeal
Condylar
diarthrosis
Flexion/extension,
adduction/abduction,
circumduction
Phalanx/phalanx
Interphalangeal
Hinge
diarthrosis
Flexion/extension
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-6 Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton
Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton
Element
Joint
Type of
Articulation
Movements
ARTICULATIONS OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMB
Sacrum/ilium of Sacro-iliac
coxal bone
Gliding
diarthrosis
Slight movement
Coxal bone/
coxal bone
Pubic
symphysis
Amphiarthrosis
None
Coxal
bone/femur
Hip
Ball-and-socket
diarthrosis
Flexion/extension,
adduction/abduction
, circumduction,
rotation
Femur/tibia
Knee
Complex,
functions as
hinge
Flexion/extension,
limited rotation
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-6 Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton
Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton
Element
Joint
Type of
Articulation
Movements
ARTICULATIONS OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMB
Tibia/fibula
Tibiofibular
(proximal)
Gliding diarthrosis
Slight movement
Tibiofibular
(distal)
Gliding diarthrosis
and amphiarthrotic
syndesmosis
Slight movement
Tibia and fibula
with talus
Ankle, or
talocrural
Hinge diarthrosis
Flexion/extension
(dorsiflexion/plantar
flexion)
Tarsal bone to
tarsal bone
Intertarsal
Gliding diarthrosis
Slight movement
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-6 Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton
Articulations of the Appendicular Skeleton
Element
Joint
Type of
Articulation
Movements
ARTICULATIONS OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMB
Tarsal bone to
metatarsal bone
Tarsometatarsal Gliding
diarthrosis
Slight movement
Metatarsal bone
to phalanx
Metatarsophalangeal
Condylar
diarthrosis
Flexion/extension,
adduction/abduction
Hinge
diarthrosis
Flexion/extension
Phalanx/phalanx Interphalangeal
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-7 Effects of Aging on Articulations
• Degenerative Changes
• Rheumatism
• A pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems
• Arthritis
• All forms of rheumatism that damage articular
cartilages of synovial joints
• Osteoarthritis
• Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, or genetic
factors affecting collagen formation
• Generally in people over age 60
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-7 Effects of Aging on Articulations
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• An inflammatory condition
• Caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune disease
• Involves the immune system
• Gouty Arthritis
• Occurs when crystals (uric acid or calcium salts)
• Form within synovial fluid
• Due to metabolic disorders
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-7 Effects of Aging on Articulations
• Joint Immobilization
• Reduces flow of synovial fluid
• Can cause arthritis symptoms
• Treated by continuous passive motion or CPM
(therapy)
• Bones and Aging
• Bone mass decreases
• Bones weaken
• Increases risk of hip fracture, hip dislocation, or pelvic
fracture
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-8 Integration with Other Systems
• Bone Recycling
• Living bones maintain equilibrium between:
• Bone building (osteoblasts)
• And breakdown (osteoclasts)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-8 Integration with Other Systems
• Factors Affecting Bone Strength
1. Age
2. Physical stress
3. Hormone levels
4. Calcium and phosphorus uptake and excretion
5. Genetic and environmental factors
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-8 Integration with Other Systems
• Bones Support Body Systems
• Support and protect other systems
• Store fat, calcium, and phosphorus
• Manufacture cells for immune system
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-8 Integration with Other Systems
• Bones Support Body Systems
• Disorders in other body systems can cause:
• Bone tumors
• Osteoporosis
• Arthritis
• Rickets (vitamin D deficiency)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.