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Secant Method Civil Engineering Majors Authors: Autar Kaw, Jai Paul http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Transforming Numerical Methods Education for STEM Undergraduates 7/8/2017 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu 1 Secant Method http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Secant Method – Derivation Newton’s Method f(x) x f x f(xi) i, f(xi ) xi 1 = xi f (xi ) (1) i Approximate the derivative f ( xi ) f(xi-1) xi+2 xi+1 xi X Figure 1 Geometrical illustration of the Newton-Raphson method. 3 f ( xi ) f ( xi 1 ) xi xi 1 (2) Substituting Equation (2) into Equation (1) gives the Secant method xi 1 xi f ( xi )( xi xi 1 ) f ( xi ) f ( xi 1 ) http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Secant Method – Derivation The secant method can also be derived from geometry: f(x) f(xi) The Geometric Similar Triangles AB DC AE DE B can be written as f ( xi ) f ( xi 1 ) xi xi 1 xi 1 xi 1 C f(xi-1) xi+1 E D xi-1 A xi X Figure 2 Geometrical representation of the Secant method. 4 On rearranging, the secant method is given as xi 1 f ( xi )( xi xi 1 ) xi f ( xi ) f ( xi 1 ) http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Algorithm for Secant Method 5 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Step 1 Calculate the next estimate of the root from two initial guesses xi 1 f ( xi )( xi xi 1 ) xi f ( xi ) f ( xi 1 ) Find the absolute relative approximate error xi 1- xi a = 100 xi 1 6 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Step 2 Find if the absolute relative approximate error is greater than the prespecified relative error tolerance. If so, go back to step 1, else stop the algorithm. Also check if the number of iterations has exceeded the maximum number of iterations. 7 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Example 1 You are making a bookshelf to carry books that range from 8 ½ ” to 11” in height and would take 29”of space along length. The material is wood having Young’s Modulus 3.667 Msi, thickness 3/8 ” and width 12”. You want to find the maximum vertical deflection of the bookshelf. The vertical deflection of the shelf is given by v( x) 0.42493 x 10-4 x3 0.13533 x 10-8 x5 0.66722 x 10-6 x 4 0.018507 x where x is the position where the deflection is maximum. Hence to find dv the maximum deflection we need to find where f ( x) 0 and dx conduct the second derivative test. 8 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Example 1 Cont. The equation that gives the position x where the deflection is maximum is given by f( x) 0.67665 x 10-8 x 4 0.26689 x 10-5 x3 0.12748 x 10-3 x 2 0.018507 0 Books Bookshelf Figure 2 A loaded bookshelf. 9 Use the secant method of finding roots of equations to find the position where the deflection is maximum. Conduct three iterations to estimate the root of the above equation. Find the absolute relative approximate error at the end of each iteration and the number of significant digits at least correct at the end of each iteration. http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Example 1 Cont. 0.01883 0.02 0.01 0 f ( x) 0 0.01 0.01851 0.02 0 5 0 10 15 20 25 x 30 29 f(x) Figure 3 Graph of the function f(x). f( x) 0.67665 x 10-8 x 4 0.26689 x 10-5 x3 0.12748 x 10-3 x 2 0.018507 0 10 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Example 1 Cont. Solution Let us take the initial guesses of the root of f x 0 as x1 10 and x0 15 . Iteration 1 The estimate of the root is f x0 x0 x1 x1 x0 f x0 f x1 f x0 0.67665 108 x04 2.6689 105 x03 0.12748 103 x02 0.018507 0.67665 108 15 2.6689 105 15 0.12748 103 15 0.018507 4 3 2 8.2591104 f x1 0.67665 108 x41 2.6689 105 x31 0.12748 103 x21 0.018507 0.67665 108 10 2.6689 105 10 0.12748 103 10 0.018507 4 11 8.4956 103 3 2 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Example 1 Cont. x1 15 8.259110 15 10 8.259110 8.4956 10 14.557 4 4 0.027 3 0.03 0.02 f ( x) 0.01 f ( x) 0 f ( x) 0 secant ( x) f ( x) 0.01 0.02 0.027 0.03 0 5 10 15 20 25 x x 0 x 1' x x 1 0 30 29 f(x) x'1, (first guess) x0, (previous guess) Secant line x1, (new guess) Figure 4 Graph of the estimated root after Iteration 1. 12 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Example 1 Cont. The absolute relative approximate error a at the end of Iteration 1 is a x1 x0 100 x1 14.557 15 100 14.557 3.0433 % The number of significant digits at least correct is 1, because the absolute relative approximate error is less than 5%. 13 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Example 1 Cont. Iteration 2 The estimate of the root is f x1 x1 x0 x2 x1 f x1 f x0 f x1 0.67665 108 x14 2.6689 105 x13 0.12748 103 x12 0.018507 0.67665 108 14.557 2.6689 105 14.557 0.12748 103 14.557 0.018507 4 3 2 2.9870 105 2.9870 10 14.557 15 15 2.9870 10 8.259110 5 x2 5 4 14.572 14 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Example 1 Cont. 0.028 0.03 0.02 f ( x) 0.01 f ( x) f ( x) 0 0 secant ( x) f ( x) 0.01 0.02 0.028 0.03 0 5 10 15 x x 1 x 0 x x 2 0 20 25 30 29 f(x) x1 (guess) x0 (previous guess) Secant line x2 (new guess) Figure 5 Graph of the estimate root after Iteration 2. 15 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Example 1 Cont. The absolute relative approximate error a at the end of Iteration 2 is x2 x1 a 100 x2 14.572 14.557 100 14.572 0.10611 % The number of significant digits at least correct is 2, because the absolute relative approximate error is less than 0.5%. 16 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Example 1 Cont. Iteration 3 The estimate of the root is f x2 x2 x1 x3 x2 f x2 f x1 f x2 0.67665 108 x24 2.6689 105 x23 0.12748 103 x22 0.018507 0.67665 108 14.572 2.6689 105 14.572 0.12748 103 14.572 0.018507 4 3 2 6.0676 109 6.0676 10 14.572 14.557 14.572 6.0676 10 2.9870 10 9 x2 9 5 14.572 17 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Example 1 Cont. Entered function along given interval with current and next root and the tangent line of the curve at the current root 0.028 0.03 0.02 f ( x) 0.01 f ( x) f ( x) 0 0 secant ( x) f ( x) 0.01 0.02 0.028 0.03 0 5.8 11.6 17.4 x x 2 x 1 x x 3 0 23.2 29 29 f(x) x2 (guess) x1 (previous guess) Secant line x3 (new guess) Figure 6 Graph of the estimate root after Iteration 3. 18 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Example 1 Cont. The absolute relative approximate error a at the end of Iteration 3 is a x2 x1 100 x2 14.572 14.572 100 14.572 2.1559 10 5% The number of significant digits at least correct is 6, because the absolute relative approximate error is less than 0.00005%. 19 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Advantages 20 Converges fast, if it converges Requires two guesses that do not need to bracket the root http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Drawbacks 2 2 1 f ( x) f ( x) 0 0 f ( x) 1 2 2 10 5 10 0 5 x x guess1 x guess2 f(x) prev. guess new guess 10 10 f x Sinx 0 Division by zero 21 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Drawbacks (continued) 2 2 1 f ( x) f ( x) 0 f ( x) 0 secant ( x) f ( x) 1 2 2 10 5 10 0 5 10 x x 0 x 1' x x 1 f(x) x'1, (first guess) x0, (previous guess) Secant line x1, (new guess) 10 f x Sinx 0 Root Jumping 22 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu Additional Resources For all resources on this topic such as digital audiovisual lectures, primers, textbook chapters, multiple-choice tests, worksheets in MATLAB, MATHEMATICA, MathCad and MAPLE, blogs, related physical problems, please visit http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu/topics/secant_me thod.html THE END http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu