Download Enzymes 2nd Year Nutrition

Enzymes
nd
2 Year Nutrition
By
Eman Mokbel Alissa, Ph.D.
Lecture (1): Lecture Content
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Enzyme definition
Nomenclature
Classification
Coenzymes
Properties
2 hypothesis of enzyme specificity
Lecture (2): Lecture Content
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Mechanism of enzyme action
Mechanism of enzyme catalysis
The Enzyme Substrate Complex
Factors Affecting Reaction Velocity
Enzymes Kinetics
Michaelis-Menten equation
Linweaver-plot
Lecture (3): Lecture Content
• Enzymes Inhibitors:
–Reversible and irreversible
–Competitive and noncompetitive
• Medical relevance of enzyme Inhibitors
• Antibiotics
• Enzymes Clinical Application
Lecture (4): Lecture Content
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Allosteric enzymes
Allosterism vs. Cooperativity
Allosteric Enzymes Kinetics
Feed back inhibition
Homotropic and Heterotropic effectors
Enzyme Activity Regulation
Enzyme measurements
Plasma Enzymes
Serum enzymes in Diagnosis
Isozymes
Amino Acids
Metabolism
2nd Year Nutrition
By
Eman Mokbel Alissa, Ph.D.
Lecture (1) content
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amino acids in anabolic pathways
amino acids degradation
Carbon skeleton of amino acids
amino acids Pool
Inter-tissue Relationships in amino acids
Metabolism
• Protein Turnover
• Nitrogen balance
• Digestion, Absorption and Transport
Lecture (2) content
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Relationship to central metabolism
Nitrogen disposal
1. amino acids oxidases
2. Transamination (aminotransferases/ transaminases)
3. Glutamate dehydrogenase (amino acids oxidative
deamination)
Ammonia transport to liver
1. Glutamine cycle
2. Glucose- Alanine cycle
Urea Cycle
– Regulation of urea cycle
– Link between urea cycle and TCA cycle
Lecture (3) content
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Sources and Fates of Ammonia
Hyperammonemia
Essential and nonessential amino acids
Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids
Synthesis and degradation in fasting and
fed states
• Nonessential amino acids synthesis
Lecture (4) content
• Catabolism of carbon skeleton of amino
acids
• Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)
• Role of folic acid in a a metabolism
• S-adenosyl methionine (SAM)
• Metabolism of branched chain amino acids
• Clinical relevance
Lecture (5) content
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Metabolic defects
in a a metabolism
1. Phenylketonuria
2. Maple syrup
urine disease
3. Albinism
4. Homocystinuria
5. Alkaptonuria
• A A conversion to
specialized products
1. Porphyrins
2. Catecholamines
3. γ-aminobutyrate
4. Glutathione
5. Creatine
6. Histamine
7. Serotonin
8. Melanin
Hormonal Control
2nd Year Nutrition
By
Eman Mokbel Alissa, Ph.D.
Lecture (1) content
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Endocrine system
Cell to cell signaling
Feedback loops
Endocrine axis
Factors controlling hormone secretion
Assessment of endocrine control
Hormones Structure
Chemical nature
Signal transduction
– Hydrophobic hormones
– Hydrophilic hormones
Lecture (2) content
• Overview
• Insulin
– Structure
– Synthesis
– Metabolic effects
– Mechanism of action
– Time course of insulin actions
Lecture (3) content
• Glucagon
– Metabolic effects
– Mechanism of action
• Epinephrine
– Metabolic effects
– Mechanism of action
Metabolic Integration
2nd Year Nutrition
By
Eman Mokbel Alissa, Ph.D.
Lecture (1) content
• Major metabolic
pathways
• Hormonal control
• Fuel metabolism
• Control of intermediates
flow through metabolic
pathways
• Absorptive state
• Liver
– CHO metabolism
– Fat metabolism
– A A metabolism
• Adipose tissue
– CHO metabolism
– Fat metabolism
• Resting skeletal muscle
– CHO metabolism
– Fat metabolism
– A A metabolism
• Brain
– CHO metabolism
– Fat metabolism
Lecture (2) content
• Fasting state
• Metabolic fuels
• Enzymatic changes in
fasting state
• Mechanisms involved in
switching hepatic
metabolism between
the well-fed and starved
state
• Postabsorptive state
• Specialized tissues
• Liver
– CHO metabolism
– Fat metabolism
• Adipose tissue
– CHO metabolism
– Fat metabolism
• Resting skeletal muscle
– CHO metabolism
– Fat metabolism
• Brain
– CHO metabolism
– Fat metabolism