Download The European Conquest of the Americas

Christófo Colón
1506]
[1451-
Columbus’ Four Voyages
Columbus’ Voyages
Spanish Conquests Generally
Religious
Political
Reasons
Economic
Personal
Positive and Negative Effects
of Columbus’ Voyages
• Columbian Exchange
• Eastern and Western
Hemisphere
• Increased
colonization
• Changes in gov’t,
science, religion
• Enslavement of
people
• Disregard for culture
• Destruction of Native
American civilizations
• Diseases like small
pox, typhus, measles
The First Spanish
Conquests:
The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortes
Montezuma II
The Story
• 1519 – Cortes intrigued by stories of
GOLD
• Malintzin (aka Dona Marina) – advisor to
Cortes
• Montezuma and the ancient prophecy
‘light skinned god”
• Cortes used other tribes to help fight
• The Death of Montezuma
• The Siege of Tenochtitlan
The Death of Montezuma
II
Mexico Surrenders to
Cortés
The First Spanish
Conquests:
The Incas
vs.
Francisco
Pizarro
Atahualpa
The Story
• Spanish priest told Atahualpa he must
convert to Christianity but refused and
imprisoned
• Promised to reward Pizarro with gold and
silver if released, which he agreed to but
then killed Atahualpa anyway
• Pizarro easily defeated Incas (modern day
Peru)
Spanish Conquest &
Colonization
Conquistadores
Presidios
• Fortified bases created by
the Spanish to protect
against pirates and other
invaders
Missions
• Catholic church played central role
in Spanish exploration and settlements
• Missionaries labored to convert
American Indians to Christianity
The Encomienda System
• System in Spanish America
• Indian slaves were forced to
work on huge plantation estates
• Treatment was extremely harsh
What are England and France
doing at the time?
• Northwest Passage – Western route
above the North American continent in the
Artic Sea area to get to Asia
• Only setting up temporary colonies at this
time for trade
• Only setting up temporary colonies at this
time because own country is in political
turmoil
Trans-Atlantic Slave
Trade
Slave Ship
“Coffin” Position Below
Deck
African Captives
Thrown Overboard
European Empires in the
Americas
A Growing Divide
• During Reformation, Spain remains
Catholic while England switches to
Protestant back to Catholic, back to
Protestant
• Vying for Religious and Political
Dominance
King Henry VIII – 1509-1547
Henry’s wives
Henry’s Surviving Children
The Elizabethian Era
• Encourages & Sponsors numerous Explorations
• Openly Protestant – growing conflict/competition
with Spain
• Holds out war with France/Spain for 25 years by
holding out for marriage – Virgin Queen
• 1570 – Cold war with Spain after Pope issues
decree absolving English Catholics from
obedience to Elizabeth
War with Spain
• Sir Francis Drake – Queen’s Sea Dogs
– Circumnavigated globe
– Explored as far as CA
– Pillaged Spanish treasure ship, Cacafuego –
Emeralds of Queen’s crown
• Burned Spanish towns, looted Catholic churches
• Queen Elizabeth knighted him in 1581 – open
act of defiance against Spain
• 1588, Spain (financed by Pope) assembled 130
ships, 30,000 men
England Takes Over
• Spanish Armada --- poor leadership, too big,
less maneuverable
• English ships – smaller, faster
• Massive storms wrecked Armada
• Victory by England broke Spain’s sea power
• English dominance over the seas = more
freedom, more colonization
England’s Reasons
• Military: set up military bases, establish political
dominance
• Economic: need for trading posts if
found the Northwest Passage, new
trading markets with N.A.
• Population: Overcrowding, Chance at Profit,
Religious freedom
Roanoke – The Lost Colony
• 1584 – Sir Walter Raleigh – New Foundland to
Florida - Virginia
• 1585-87 – Raleigh’s 2 attempts
– 2nd attempt: John White established colony, returns
to England to get more supplies
– Return delayed – War with Spain
• 1590, White returns to Roanoke –
Vanished w/o trace - Croatoan
England tries Again
• 25 years passed before England
attempted colonization again
• The Charter of 1606, issued by King
James I – Jamestown settlement
– Joint stock company
– 100 men recruited by London company
– Many difficulties – Survival is uncertain
Early Difficulties
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Disease
Starvation
Exposure to elements
Conflict with Native Americans
Lazy, Rich men
Internal Strife
http://www.history.com/topics/p
ocahontas/videos#pocahontas
Puritanism
• Wanted to reform [purify] the Church of
England
• Grew impatient with the slow progress of
Protestant Reformation in England
Separatists
• Puritans who believe that only visible
saints should be admitted for church
membership
• Because the Church of England enrolled
all the king’s subjects, separatists felt they
had to share their church with the
“damned”
• Therefore, they believed in a “total break”
from the Church of England
Sources of Separatist Migration
Pilgrims
• Ultimately left the Netherlands because
they didn’t think it was “pure” enough for
them
• Did not want to mix with the other religions
• 1620, a group of 100 people negotiated
with the Virginia Company to settle in their
jurisdiction
The Mayflower
• Arrived far off course
from destination –
Plymouth Bay outside the
domain of the VA co.
• Squatters without legal
right to land and authority
to start government
The May Flower Compact
November 11, 1620
The May Flower Compact
November 11, 1620
• Written and signed before the passengers
disembarked from ship
• Not a constitution, but an agreement to
form to a crude government and submit to
majority rule
• Signed by 41 adult males
– Led to meeting in assemblies to make laws
– John Carver elected governor
That First year…
• Winter of 1620-1621 extremely harsh (only
44 of the original 100 survived)
* weather
* starvation
* disease
• None chose to leave in 1621 when the
Mayflower sailed back
The First Thanksgiving
• Survival owed to Squanto and the
Wampanaog Indians
– Native Americans were weak in the New
England area, epidemics had wiped out over
¾ pop
– Chief Massasoit signed treaty with settlers in
1621
• Colony survived with fur (especially
beaver), fish and lumber
• Fall 1621 --- celebrated First Thanksgiving