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POETRY:
an imaginative
expression of ideas
and emotions
Poetry
•A type of literature in
which words are
carefully chosen and
arranged to create
certain effects.
Poetry usually . . .
• is arranged in lines.
• uses compressed language to make
a point.
• has a regular pattern of rhythm.
• uses literary devices to appeal to our
emotions and imagination.
Poetry sometimes . . .
• has a regular rhyme scheme
Poetry Terms
• Stanza – the group of two or more lines in
a poem; a poem “paragraph”
• Meter – the pattern of stressed and
unstressed syllables in a poem
• Refrain – one or more lines repeated in
each stanza of a poem
• Quatrain – a four line stanza or group of
lines in poetry
• Line – the core unit of a poem. In poetry,
line length is an essential element of the
poem’s meaning and rhythm.
• Mood – the feeling or atmosphere
that a writer creates for the reader.
Descriptive words, imagery, and
figurative language contribute to the
mood of a work, as do the sound and
rhythm of the language used.
• Tone – the attitude a writer takes
toward a subject. Unlike mood,
which is intended to shape the
reader’s emotional response, tone
reflects the feelings of the writer.
Lyric poetry
• Short poem in which a single
speaker expresses personal
thoughts and feelings. Most
poems other than dramatic and
narrative poems are lyric poems.
Narrative poetry
• Tells a story or recounts events. A
narrative poem has the following
elements: plot, characters,
setting, and them.
• “The Raven” by Edgar Allan Poe is
a narrative poem.
Rhyme Scheme - the pattern of
end rhymes in a poem
End Rhyme - words at end of lines
rhyme
Across the years he could recall
His father one way best of all.
a
a
In the stillest hour of night
The boy awakened to a light.
b
b
Half in dreams, he saw his sire
With his great hands full of fire
c
c
from “The Secret Heart” by R.Coffin
Internal Rhyme: rhyme within lines
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I
pondered, weak and weary . . .
While I nodded, nearly napping,
suddenly there came a tapping,
As of some one gently rapping, rapping
at my chamber door.
“It is some visitor,” I muttered, “tapping
at my chamber doorfrom “The Raven”
by Edgar Allan Poe
Sound devices are poetic
devices that relate to sound,
including:
consonance
assonance
alliteration
onomatopoeia
Consonance
repetition of consonant sounds
within a line of poetry
He gives his harness bells a shake
To ask if there is some mistake.
The only other sound’s the sweep
Of easy wind and downy flake.
Assonance: repetition of
vowel sounds within
nonrhyming words in a line of
poetry
Do not go gentle into that good
night,
Old age should burn and rave at
close of day;
Rage, rage against the dying of
the light.
Alliteration:
repetition of beginning consonant
sounds in words close together
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I
pondered, weak and weary . . .
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly
there came a tapping . . .
from “The Raven”
by Edgar Allan Poe
Onomatopoeia: the use of
a word whose sound imitates its meaning.
buzz
hiss
splash
roar
Refrain – the repeating of words or
phrases throughout a poem
Allusion – a reference to a well-known
person, place, thing or event with which the
writer assumes the reader will be familiar
George rushed in like Superman to save
the man from the burning building.
Figurative Language
A figure of speech is a word or phrase
that describes one thing in terms of
another and is not meant to be
understood as literally true.
Simile
Metaphor
Personification
Oxymoron
Hyperbole
Symbol
Imagery
Irony
Simile - a comparison between two
unlike things using “like” or “as”.
The cookie was hard as a rock.
Metaphor – a comparison between two
unlike things without using “like” or
“as”.
Life is a river.
Personification – a figure of speech in
which a nonhuman thing (an idea,
object, or animal) is given human
characteristics.
The picture spoke to us of the sacrifices
our family had made.
Oxymoron – a technique putting two
words with opposite meanings together
for a special effect.
jumbo shrimp
old news
bittersweet
small fortune
Imagery – vivid description that appeals
to the senses.
They were flat round wafers, slightly
browned on the edges and butteryellow in the center. With cold
lemonade they were sufficient for
childhood’s lifelong diet.
Symbol – a concrete or real object
used to represent an idea
A bird, because it can fly, has often
been used as a symbol of freedom.
Hyperbole – an extreme exaggeration or
overstatement that a writer uses for
emphasis.
My brother exploded when he saw the
damage to his car.
Irony – a technique that uses a word or
phrase to mean the exact opposite of its
normal meaning.
Danielle laughs all the time, so we call her
“Grumpy”.
Form
• Form refers to a poem’s structure, or
the way the lines and words are
arranged on the page. Form in poetry
includes the following elements:
length of lines, placement of lines, the
grouping of lines into stanzas.Poems
come in a variety of forms, but they
are usually grouped in two categories.
Traditional
• Follows fixed rules, such as a specified
number of lines
• Has a regular pattern of rhythm and/or
rhyme
• Ex: epic, ode, ballad, sonnet, haiku,
limerick
Epic
•A long, narrative poem on a
serious subject presented in an
elevated or formal style. Epics
address universal concerns
and reflect the ideals and
values of a nation or race.
Ode
• A complex lyric poem that develops a
serious and dignified theme. They are
meditative and usually
commemorative.
Ballad
•A narrative poem that tells a
story and was originally written
to be sung or recited. A ballad
has a setting, a plot, and
characters.
Sonnet
• A lyric poem of 14 lines that has a set
pattern of rhythm and rhyme and is
commonly written in iambic
pentameter.
Haiku
• A form of Japanese poetry having a
set number of lines and syllables.
Haiku poems are 17 syllables that are
arranged in three lines of 5, 7, and 5
syllables. The poet strives to create a
clear picture that will evoke a strong
emotional response in the reader.
Limerick
• A light of humorous poem with a
particular rhyme scheme
Blank verse
•Unrhymed poetry written in
iambic pentameter. Each line
has five pairs of syllables. In
most pairs, an unstressed
syllable is followed by a
stressed syllable. Much of
Shakespeare’s drama is in
blank verse.
Couplet
•A rhymed pair of lines. A
couplet may be written in
any rhythmic pattern.
Organic
• Does not follow established rules for
form
• Does not have a regular pattern of
rhythm and may not rhyme at all
• May use unconventional spelling,
punctuation, and grammar
• Ex: free verse, concrete poetry
Free verse
• Poetry that does not have regular
meter, does not contain regular
patterns of rhythm or rhyme. They are
more like everyday speech.
Concrete poetry
• Poetry that conveys meaning visually
through the arrangement of letters
and words