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ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting
Atomic Physics Goes Online:
the Role of ISOLDE in the Past
and
in the Future
H.-Jürgen Kluge
GSI Darmstadt and University of Heidelberg
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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A View of our Friends Across the Atlantic
December 2006
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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NRC: “Major Events in the History of Rare-Isotope Science”
Achievements in Physics
Applications
Development of Techniques and Facilities
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
3
NRC: “Major Events in the History of ISOLDE”
Achievements in Physics
Applications
Development of Techniques and Facilities
I would add the following milestones for important achievements by
atomic physics techniques:
- on-line laser experiments (Hg isotopes, alkali elements)
- on-line high-accuracy mass measurements (alkali elements)
- on- line ABMR (atomic beam magnetic resonance) experiments (alkali elements)
- atomic energy levels of francium
- ground state properties of the halo nucleus 11Li (mass, spin, moments, charge radius)
- beam accumulation, cooling and bunching in a segmented gas-filled Paul trap
- absolute mass measurements with the carbon cluster comb
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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Atomic Physics Techniques for Nuclear Physics
Nuclear Ground state Properties
- laser spectroscopy
- mass spectrometry
Maxim Seliverstov, D.T. Yordanov, Kieran Flanagan
Chabouh Yazidjian
Ion Beam Manipulation
-
ionization & charge breeding
accumulation, cooling and bunching
polarization
in and post-trap decay
Mariano Menna, Melanie Marie-Anne
Ernesto Mane
Bradley Cheal
Jyväskylä
Fundamental Interactions & Symmetries
- weak interaction experiments
Valentin Kozlov, Bertram Blank
The Ultimate Goals:
 ultra-fast (millisecond)
 ultra-resolving (hyperfine splitting, ground and isomeric state)
 ultra-accurate (statistical error only)
 ultra-sensitive (one-ion experiment)
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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Nuclear Ground State Properties
by Atomic Physics Techniques
*
MASS
nuclear binding energy
*
NUCLEAR HALF-LIFE
decay rates
*
HYPERFINE STRUCTURE
1. Hyperfine Interaction
J+=F
2. Magnetic Dipole HFS
A =  <H(0)>/I J
3. Electric Quadrupole HFS
B = e0 Qs <zz(0)>
*
nuclear spin
nuclear magnetic moment
spectroscopic quadrupole moment
ISOTOPE SHIFT
Finite Size Effect
 <r2>A,A´
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
change of ms charge radius
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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Comparison: Charge Radii – Nuclear Binding Energies
Is the mass more sensitive to nuclear structure effects than the
information obtained by optical techniques (spin, moments, charge radii)?
Examples : Charge radii of Rb and Hg isotopes versus mass information
N (80Hg)
100
25
120
125
2
<r > (fm )
2
1.2
0.0
2
15
2
0.5
1.0
-0.2
n (MeV)
<r > (fm )
1.4
n ground state
0.2
20
S2n (MeV)
115
Hg
1.5
1.0
110
ISOLTRAP data
0.4
Rb
105
0.8
-0.4
<r > ground state
2
10
<r > isomeric state
(J. Bonn et al., 1972)
2
0.0
40
45
50
55
N (Z = 37)
60
65
-0.6
180
185
190
D. Lunney et al.
Rev. Mod. Phys. 75 (2003) 1021
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
195
200
0.6
205
A (80Hg)
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Doppler-Free Resonance Ionization Mass Spectroscopy
of Lithium
11Li
Lifetime  8 ms
30,000 Atoms/s
Novel technique developed at
GSI by Wilfried Nörtershäuser,
Andreas Dax et al.
8,9Li
11Li
at GSI
at TRIUMF
Relative Accuracy better than
10-5 in IS measurement and mass
shift calculation required.
Mass shift calculation by
G. Drake, Z.-C. Yan, K. Pachucki
et al.
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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Nuclear Charge Radii of Lithium Isotopes
300
15-10-04-012 to 15-10-04-033
11
250
2.7
Pachucki
LBSM
150
SVMC
100
DCM
AV18IL2
50
NCSM
0
FMD
6360
6370
6380
6710 6720
SVMCFCBeat Frequency (MHz)
Li
Cts / 220 s
200
2.6
rc (fm)
2.5
6730
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
6
7
8
9
10
11
Li Isotope
R. Sánchez et al., PRL 96, 033002 (2006)
Nature Physics 2, 145 (2006)
M. Puchalski et al., PRL 97, 133001 (2006)
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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Collinear Spectroscopy of 33Mg with β - Asymmetry Detection
33Mg:
determination of a negative parity
intruder ground state via nuclear moments
D. T. Yordanov, M. Kowalska, K. Blaum, M. De Rydt,
K. Flanagan, P. Lievens, R. Neugart, W. Nörtershäuser,
H. H. Stroke, and G. Neyens
The measured spin and magnetic moment are
respectively I = 3/2 and µ = −0.7456(5)µn. The
latter was found to have a negative sign,
requiring a large 2p2h intruder component of the
ground state wavefunction and correspondingly a
negative parity.
The result is consistent with a large prolate
deformation, based on the 3/2 [321] Nilsson
orbital.
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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A 20,000 fold Improvement in the Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Ion beam
cooler
Light collection region
(Laser resonance fluorescence)
40 kV
Now: Application to isotopes of refractory elements: Zr, Y, Hf,.... at Jyväskylä
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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Laser Spectroscopy of 182-190Pb by Resonance Ionization
in the Laser Ion Source
M. Seliverstov, A. Andreyev, N. Barré, H. De Witte, D. Fedorov, V. Fedoseyev, S. Franchoo, J. Genevey, G. Huber, M.
Huyse, U. Köster, P. Kunz, S. Lesher, B. Marsh, B. Roussière, J. Sauvage, P. Van Duppen, Yu. Volkov
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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Fighting Isobaric Contamination with LIST
(Laser Ion Source Trap)
Switchable
Electrodes
Atomizer
Buffer Gas
Atoms
Ions
Laser Beams
Ion Repeller
Electron Repeller
RFQ Segments
UDC
End Plate
10 mm
Accumulate
Laser Ions
Surface Ions
Electrons
Release
K. Blaum et al., NIM 2003
Z
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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Ionization of Gallium Atoms in the LIST
First off-line
demonstration at Mainz
(Klaus Wendt et al., )
20000
17500
Accumulation and
cooling:
15000
100 laser shots
efficiency ~ 10 %
Development going on at
Mainz, Jyväskylä and
TRIUMF
Ions
12500
FWHM < 7 µs
10000
7500
Efficient and highly
selective ionization
No accumulation no cooling:
5000
Accumulation –
no cooling:
ions from individual
laser shots every 100 s
Suppression of isobars
100 laser shots
2500
0
DC and bunched beams
with low emittance
Integrated 65514 Ion-pulses
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
Polarized radioactive ion
beams by optical pumping
K. Brück, C. Geppert, F. Schwellnus, K. Wies, K. Wendt
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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Summary 1: Laser Spectroscopy at RIB Facilities
ISOL facilities are ideally suited for laser spectroscopy of radioactive beams.
ISOLDE has pioneered most on-line laser spectroscopic techniques.
TRENDS:
Investigation of isotopes of light elements or simple systems
(H, Anti-H), He, Li, Be+, ...... Ne, Na, Mg, ...... U91+
Towards isobarically clean beams
High-Resolution mass Separator, laser ion source trap (LIST)
Towards higher sensitivity
cooled, stored and bunched beams, spectroscopy in the laser ion source (trap),
magneto-optical trap (6He, 8He, Lu & Mueller et al.)
Towards higher resolution
cooled and stored beams, magneto-optical trap
Towards isotopes of refractory elements
IGISOL, in-flight (fragmentation) facilities with a gas cell (LASPEC)
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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The Importance of Atomic Masses
General
Physics
Physics &
Chemistry
basic information
required
Atomic
Physics
fundam. constants
test of CPT
m/m  1·10-10
binding energy,
QED in HCI
m/m  1·10-5
m/m  1·10-9
atomic
masses
Weighing
m/m < 3·10-8
Nuclear
Physics
mass formula,
models, halo
m/m  1·10-7
Weak
Interactions
Astrophysics
symmetry tests,
CVC hypothesis
nuclear synthesis,
r-, rp-process m/m < 1·10-7
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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Penning Traps and Storage Rings at Accelerators
for Nuclear Physics
JYFL TRAP
SMILETRAP
 Jyväskylä
Stockholm 
TITAN
 TRIUMF
LEBIT
Argonne  MSU
 LBL
CPT
RETRAP
GSI 
CERN   Munich
ISOLTRAP
REXTRAP
ATHENA
ATRAP
WITCH
ESR
SHIPTRAP
HITRAP
FAIR
RIKEN TRAP
MAFF TRAP
Lanzhou 
Lanzhou SR
●
RIKEN
 operating facilities
 facilities under construction or test
 planned facilities
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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Penning Traps for Mass Spectrometry
at Accelerators – World-Wide
Type of
reaction
or facility
ISOLTRAP
CERN
ISOL
x
fusion
CPT
Argo.
SHIPTRAP
GSI
JYFLTRAP
Jyvä.
LEBIT
MSU
MAFFTRAP
Munich
TITAN
TRIUM
F
SMILETRAP
MSL
HITRAP
GSI
x
x
IGISOL
x
x
x
fragmentation
x
fission by
neutrons
x
highlycharged
ions
x
x
stable
isotopes
 operating facilities
 facilities under
construction or test
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
x
x
x
x
 planned facilities
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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Accuracy of Mass Measurements versus Exoticism
compiled by Dave Lunney – published data until January 2007
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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Mass Measurements for CVC Hypothesis
[I.S. Towner & J.C. Hardy, Phys. Rev. C 71, 055501 (2005)]
LEBIT
38Ca
An accuracy of the
Q-value by some few
100 eV is reached by
mass measurements.
74Rb
Limit from QEC(38Ca)
34 Ar
22Mg
●
CPT
46V
●
JYFLTRAP
62Ga
In addition required:
●
Half life
Branching ratio
ISOLTRAP: Mg-22, Ar-34, Ca-38, Rb-74
JVL-TRAP: Al-26m, Sc-42, Ga-62
CPT: Mg-22, V-46
F. Herfurth et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 15, 17 (2002)
A. Kellerbauer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.93, 072502 (2004)
M. Mukherjee et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 150801 (2004)
S. George et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006 (submitted)
T. Eronen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 (2006) 232501
T. Eronen et al., Phys. Lett. B 636 (2006) 191;
B. Hyland et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(2006) 102501
G. Savard et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 102501 (2005)
Phys. Rec. C 70, 042501(R) (2004)
LEBIT: Ca-38
G. Bollen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (2006) 152501
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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Summary 2: Mass Spectrometry at RIB Facilities
ISOLDE has pioneered non-nuclear mass measurements for ISOL facilities
(Mattauch-Herzog, RF-Smith (MISTRAL), Penning trap (ISOLTRAP).
Presently, high-accuracy mass measurements (m/m ≤ 10-8) are only possible by
use of Penning traps.
TRENDS:
Towards isobarically clean beams
High-Resolution mass Separator, laser ion source trap (LIST)
Towards single-ion sensitivity
non-destructive ion detection (FT-ICR), single-ion detection for RIB
Towards higher resolving power and isomer separation
higher charge states, higher magnetic field
Towards shorter-lived nuclides
higher intensities, higher charge states, higher efficiencies, higher mag. field
Towards extreme accuracy
higher charge states, higher and more stable magnetic field, carbon cluster
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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Conclusion
H.-J. Kluge, W. Nörtershäuser
Spectrochimica Acta 2003
A Final
Conclusion:
Atomic
physics
techniques have
It is easier,
of course
cheaper
contributed
in the past
very vitally
to
(and much
more fun)of nuclear
the present
understanding
to improve
performance
systems.
Their the
model
independence,
(efficiency,
SNR, resolution,
accuracy,
...)
accuracy
and sensitivity
as well as
new
of
a method
techniqueand
hundred-fold
techniques
fororionization
than
to in increase
the yield of
manipulation
of radioactive
ion radioactive
beams
beamswill
by also
two be
orders
of magnitude.
essential
in the future at
ISOLDE and other radioactive-beam
Offacilities.
course, if possible, you should do both.
K. Blaum, Phys. Rep. 425 (2006) 1
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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NRC: “Timeline for Global Development of Dedicated RareIsotope Beam Facilities”
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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NRC: “Projected Major Facilities for Rare-Isotope Beams”
Where is the RIB facility of Lanzhou?
What is the role of ISOLDE in the future?
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-Jürgen Kluge
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Laser Spectroscopy in Long Isotopic Chains
not accessible at usual ISOL facilities
mainly determined at ISOL facilities
249
255
Cf
249
Fm
Bk
254
240-244
Es
Am
refractory elements: IGISOL
or in-flight separation
208-232
207-228
181-206
183-197
Au
232
227
Ac
Th
238-244
Po
Bi
185-214
182-193
Ir
146-160
150-167
Er
138-154
Sm
147-159
Ba
50
146-165
Dy
Cs
Sr
82
Rb
Kr
116-146
Xe
101-110
72-96
87-102
Ag
Zr
28
44,45
Ti
68-70
Cu
50
39-50
Ca
K
36-47
28
8
Tm
118-146
77-100
Ne
Nd
120-148
Cd
153-172
Ho
132-150
102-120
17-28
Tl
151-165
Tb
In
20
U
Yb
104-127
Ar
Np
235-238
187-208
153-176
Gd
Eu
32-40,46
Pb
126
Lu
76-98
237
202-213
170-178
161-179
Sn
Pu
152
200-210
Hf
108-132
Cm
Rn
Pt
138-159
248
202-225
178-198
82
Ra
Fr
Hg
Such measurements fix single-particle
as well as collective nuclear properties
in a model-independent way
20-31
Na
20
2
6-11
2
8
6
He
Li
11
Be
ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting, 12 – 14 February 2007
H.-J. Kluge. W. Nörtershäuser
Spectrochimica Acta 2003
H.-Jürgen Kluge
26