Download Age of Exploration - Northwest ISD Moodle

Moving from Western Europe,
but first…
■ Which of the following statements about the Renaissance is
NOT accurate?
■ A) The Renaissance challenged medieval intellectual values
and styles.
■ B) The Renaissance was largely an artistic movement that
began in Italy.
■ C) The Renaissance failed to develop any new ideas
concerning political organization.
■ D) The Renaissance was built on a more commercialized
economy.
■ E) The Renaissance had a southern and northern phase.
■Essential Question:
–What factors encouraged the
European Age of Exploration?
From the 1400s to the 1700s, Europe experienced
an “Age of Exploration”
The Renaissance encouraged
curiosity & a desire for trade
Motivations:
Why did Europeans want to explore?
As a result of exploration, European
nations grew powerful & spread their
influence throughout the world
Gold (Money)
Merchants
lookingofforwealth
quick,was
direct
A
desire forbegan
new sources
the
trade
Asia
to avoidexploration
Muslim &
mainroutes
reasontofor
European
Italian merchants & increase profits
The Crusades & Renaissance
stimulated European desires
for exotic Asian luxury goods
Glory
Kings who
voyages
of exploration
Thesponsored
Renaissance
inspired
new
gained
overseas colonies,
new
sources of
possibilities
for power
& prestige
wealth for their nation, & increased power
Exploration presented Europeans
the opportunity to rise from poverty
and gain fame, fortune, & status
God
European Christians, especially Catholics,
wanted to stop the spread of Islam &
convert non-Christians to the faith
Explorers were encouraged to
spread Christianity or bring
missionaries who would focus
only on conversions
Means:
The
Age
of
Exploration
How were explorers able to sail
so far & make it back again?
Before the Renaissance, sailors did not have the
technology to sail very far from Europe & return
Navigation
Trade & cultural diffusion during the Renaissance
introduced new navigation techniques to Europeans
Astrolabe
Maps
usedwere
starsmore accurate and
Magnetic compass
made
to show direction
used longitude & latitude
sailing more accurate
European shipbuilders built a better ship;
The caravel was a strong ship that could travel
in the open seas & in shallow water
Caravels had
triangular lateen
sails that allowed
ships to sail
against the wind
Cannons & rifles
gave ships protection
A moveable
rudder made the
caravel more
maneuverable
Who wereThe
the Age
explorers,
where did they go, &
of Exploration
how did they change world history?
Europeans were not the first to explore
the oceans in search of new trade routes
Islamic merchants explored the Indian Ocean
& had dominated the Asian spice trade for
centuries before European exploration
Early Exploration
From 1405 to 1433, Zheng He
led the Chinese treasure fleet on
7 expeditions to SE Asia, India,
& Africa during the Ming
But in the late 1400s, the European sailors did
what neither Muslim nor Chinese explorers could:
Begin global (not regional) exploration &
create colonies to increase their wealth & power
MC Question
■ Which of the following was NOT a technological
improvement introduced during the 15th century in
the West?
■
■
■
■
■
A) Use of the compass for navigation
B) Deep-draft, round-hulled ships
C) Lateen sails
D) Gunpowder adapted to gunnery
E) Moveable type
In Portugal, Prince Henry
the Navigator started a
school of navigation to train
sailors
He brought in Europe’s
best map-makers, shipbuilders, & sailing
instructors
He wanted to
discover new
territories, find
a quick trade
route to Asia,
& expand
Portugal’s
power
Portugal was the
early leader in the
Age of Exploration
Prince Henry’s navigation school &
willingness to fund voyages led the Portuguese
to be the 1st to explore the west coast of
Africa
Vasco da Gama
was the 1st explorer
to find a direct
trade route to Asia
by going around
Africa to get to
India
Portugal gained a
sea route to Asia
that brought them
great wealth
During the Age of
Exploration, Portugal
created colonies along the
African coast, in Brazil, &
the Spice Islands in Asia
The Spanish government
saw Portugal’s wealth &
did not want to be left out
More than any other
European monarch,
Ferdinand & Isabella
of Spain sponsored &
supported overseas
expeditions
Like most educated men of
the Renaissance, Columbus
believed the world was
round & thought he could
reach Asia by sailing west
He made 4 trips to
“India” never knowing
he was in “America”
Columbus reached the
Bahamas in America
but thought that he had
reached islands off the
coast of India
Despite the fact that
Magellan became the
Columbus never found
first explorer to
Asia, Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigate the Earth
still thought he could
(go all the way around)
reach Asia by sailing West
During the
Age of Exploration,
Spain created colonies in
North & South America
Spain sent explorers called conquistadors
to the New World to find gold, claim land,
& spread Christianity
Cortez
conquered
the Aztecs
Pizarro
conquered
the Inca
The influx of gold from
America made Spain the
most powerful country in
Europe during the early
years of the
Age of Exploration
England, France, & the Netherlands became involved
in overseas exploration & colonization as well
After failing to do so,
Champlain founded the
French colony of Quebec
The
French
explorer
Samuel
de
Champlain
Thesearched
French would
soon
carve
out
a
large
colony
along
Canada
for
a
northwest
passage
to
Asia
the Mississippi River from Canada to New Orleans
Unlike other
European nations
whose kings paid
for colonies, the
English colonies
were paid for
by citizens who
formed joint-stock
companies
English colonies
formed along the
Atlantic Coast of
North America by
colonists motivated
either by religion
or wealth
The English explorer James Cook was
the first European to make contact with
Australia, New Zealand, & Hawaii
MC Question
■ The initiative for Western exploration and conquest
came from the kingdom of…
■
■
■
■
■
A) Portugal.
B) Spain.
C) France.
D) Sicily.
E) Venice.
Like England, the
The Dutch had colonies in
Netherlands (the Dutch) America & Africa, but the
allowed private companies
Dutch East India
to fund exploration
Company dominated trade
in Asia
Conclusions
As a result of the Age of Exploration, European
knowledge & influence of the world increased greatly.
■ Essential Question:
–What were the global impacts of
the European Age of Exploration?
The Impact of the Age of Exploration:
Europe
Europe was greatly
impacted by the
Age of Exploration
Overseas colonies
increased the wealth
of European nations,
the power of kings
(called nationalism)
This was especially true in
Spain where the influx of
gold turned Spain into one
of the wealthiest & most
powerful nations in Europe
King Philip II
MC Question
■ In what region of the world did the Dutch challenge
the Portuguese for commercial dominance?
■
■
■
■
■
A) Brazil
B) Southeast Asia
C) Scandinavia
D) India
E) Mesoamerica
The increase in trade
led to the growth of
capitalism, especially
in England & the
Netherlands
Capitalism is a system
in which merchants
trade & invest money in
order to make a profit;
Prices are determined
by supply and demand
Citizens can invest
money in companies
like the British East
India Company &
share in the profits
Nations developed an economic policy called
mercantilism basedMercantilism
upon the idea that national
power comes from a favorable balance of trade
As a result, colonies are needed
to supply the mother country
with cheap raw materials
Due to mercantilism, a “triangular trade”
developed between Europe, their overseas
colonies, & Africa
MC Questions
■ In what way were the early Dutch and British exploration and trade
projects different from those of the Iberian nations?
■ A) The expeditions of Spain and Portugal did not enjoy government
support.
■ B) Dutch and British exploration owed much to private initiative of
merchant groups and the formation of chartered trading
companies.
■ C) Dutch and British exploratory expeditions were independent of
their respective governments.
■ D) The Dutch and British operated joint explorations in the names
of both governments while Portugal and Spain competed in the
competition for conquest.
■ E) The Dutch and British projects were financed with banking
capital from Italy and the Florentines.
The Impact of the Age of Exploration:
Asia, America, Africa
Asia was greatly
The Portuguese & Dutch seized
impacted by the
trade ports in the Spice Islands
Age of Exploration & in India in order to gain exotic
European merchants goods like cotton & spices
began to dominate
trade in China & Japan
& converted many
people to Christianity
Catholic missionaries
(many were Jesuits)
introduced Christianity
to the American Indians
America was greatly
impacted by the
Age of Exploration
The introduction
of new foods, plants,
& animals between
America & Europe
was called the
Columbian Exchange
The introduction of potatoes The introduction
The introduction
of
& corn helped improve the Europeanof
grains,
European
horses,
diets & life expectancy of & cattlediseases
transformed
like
people throughout the world many Indian
smallpox
cultures
&
influenza killed as
many as 90% of
Native Americas
Europeans
introduced the
plantation system in
America; These large
cash crop farms were
called encomiendas
Encomiendas
required a large
supply of workers
which increased
the need for slaves
The demand for workers on American
plantations, especially in the Caribbean
& Brazil, led to the African slave trade
Africa was greatly impacted by
the Age of Exploration
The majority of African slaves
worked in harsh conditions on
sugar & indigo plantations or
in gold & silver mines
For 300 years, slaves were sold in West Africa &
brought to America along a route across the
Atlantic Ocean known as the Middle Passage
MC Question
■ Which of the following areas of trade was NOT
dominated by the West after the establishment of a
global trading network in the 17th century?
■
■
■
■
■
A) The Atlantic
B) The Pacific
C) The Indian Ocean
D) The Mediterranean
E) The Caribbean
African
The
Slave
“Coffin”
Captives
auction
SugarPosition
plantation
upon
Beingarrival
Thrown
Used
in Haiti
Below
in Overboard
America
Desk
1. Asian Trade
■ Led by Prince Henry, “the Navigator”, the Portuguese
were the first Europeans to explore the west coast of
Africa, to sail around the southern tip of Africa and
finally, the first to reach India.
■ The Portuguese seized trading ports in India and in the
Spice Islands. They fought the Muslim merchants who
had control of the ports. The prices of Asian goods like
spices and fabrics dropped, and more people in Europe
could afford to buy them.
■ Not only did Portuguese sailors bring back spices and
goods from the Indian Ocean (cinnamon, pepper,
porcelain, jewels and silk) but they also brought slavery
to their colony of Brazil.
2. Nationalism
■ The explorations and conquests of the
conquistadors transformed Spain. The Spanish
rapidly expanded foreign trade and overseas
colonization. For a time, wealth from the
Americas made Spain one of the world’s richest
and most powerful nations. At the height of
Spain’s power it was ruled by Philip II.
■ In the long run, gold and silver from the
Americas hurt Spain’s economy. Inflation, or an
increase in the supply of money compared to
goods, led to higher prices. Monarchs and the
wealthy spent their riches wastefully instead of
building up Spain’s industries.
3. Capitalism
■ The voyages of explorers had a dramatic impact
on European trade. As a result, more goods, raw
materials and precious metals entered Europe.
New trade centers developed, especially in the
Netherlands and England.
■ Exploration and trade led to the growth of
capitalism. This system is based on investing
money for profit. Merchants gained great wealth
by trading and selling goods from around the
world. They then could use their profits to finance
other voyages and to start trading companies.
Other people began investing money in these
companies and shared in the profits as well.
4. Mercantilism
■ European nations developed a new economic
policy called mercantilism. Kings believed that
wealth was the best way to build their countries’
power. They tried to reduce the things that
bought from other countries and increase items
sold.
■ Having colonies was a key part of this policy.
Nations expected colonies to supply raw materials
for their industries. They could also make more
money by selling finished goods to their colonies.
■ As a result, a “triangular trade” developed:
manufactured goods were made in the mother
country, raw materials were produced in the
colonies, and slaves from Africa were brought to
the colonies to produce raw materials.
5. Columbian Exchange
• Early Spanish explorations were important
because it led to knowledge of the existence of
the Americas and the creation of colonies in the
“New World”.
• The Spanish gained great wealth, and crops began
to be exchanged with the “Old World” of Europe.
The introduction of Europeans plants, animals,
and diseases in America and the introduction of
American crops into Europe became know as the
Columbian Exchange
• This diffusion of
“Old World” and
“New World” products
changed world history.
6. Colonies and Plantations
■ During the 1500s, Portugal began to establish
colonies in Brazil which greatly impacted the
native people. The Portuguese tried to get them
to give up their religion and convert to
Christianity. They also forced them to work on
sugar plantations. Missionaries sometimes tried
to protect them from abuse, but countless
numbers died from overwork and European
diseases.
■ The colonization of Brazil also had an impact on
Africa. As the native population decreased, the
Portuguese needed more laborers. Starting in the
mid 1500s, for over 300 years, they brought
7. Disease
• To explore and conquer “New Spain,” the Spanish
turned to men called conquistadors
(conquerors). The conquistadors were allowed to
establish settlements and seize the wealth of
natives. This led to conquering of the Aztecs by
Cortes and the Inca by Pizarro.
• When conquistadors arrived they brought with
them their horses, armor and guns, which helped
them in battle. But more deadly for the natives
were the deadly epidemic diseases that the
Europeans carried. Millions of natives died from
diseases. For example in Mexico, there were
about 25 million native people in 1519. By 1605,
this number had dwindled to 1 million.
8. Slavery
■ When native populations were wiped out
because of overwork and disease, both the
Spanish and Portuguese began to import slaves
from the west coast of Africa. Over the next 300
years millions of slaves would be taken across
the Atlantic Ocean.
■ The journey across the Atlantic was grueling and
deadly. The Middle Passage is the name given to
the journey of African slaves to the Americas.
■ Once slaves arrived in the New World they were
forced to work in harsh conditions on plantations
growing sugar and indigo and work in gold and
silver mines.
9. Christianity
■ One of the impacts of exploration on the
Americas was the introduction of Christianity.
The Spanish conquistadors were accompanied by
Catholic missionaries looking to spread
Catholicism.
■ Some natives were forced to convert by the
Spanish that were looking to win converts as a
way to fight against the Protestant Reformation.
The fierce competition of European nations
during the time period was not limited to wealth
and power, but included religion as well.