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AP Biology The Nervous System 2003-2004 Let’s go to the Video! AP Biology 2003-2004 Overview The Nervous System controls and coordinates all the functions of the body. The Nervous System consists of two main sub-divisions: Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • The Peripheral Nervous System is divided into two sub-divisions: Somatic- voluntary Autonomic- involuntary Regents Biology 2003-2004 Regents Biology http://inside.salve.edu/walsh/cns_pns.jpg 2003-2004 Structure and Function of the Neuron Neuron is the scientific name for a Nerve Cell. Neurons consist of 3 basic structures: Cyton, or cell body. Dendrites- receive messages, impulses, and send them to the cell body. Axons- send messages away from the cell body. • Nerve impulses travel from one neuron to another across synapses, or spaces in between the cells. • The “jumping across” the synapse is facilitated (helped) by chemicals called Neurotransmitters. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Parts of the Neuron Dendrites – Branched A Neuron parts of a neuron that receive impulses from other neurons. Cyton- Contains cytoplasm and the nucleus. Impulses pass through here to the axon. Axon- Single long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Regents Biology 2003-2004 Myelin Sheath signal direction Axon coated with insulation made of myelin cells (Fatty, protein substance) speeds signal 330 mph vs. 11 mph myelin coating Multiple Sclerosis Regents Biology immune system (T cells) attacks myelin coating 2003-2004 loss of signal Synapse Junction between nerve cells 1st cell releases chemical to trigger next cell where drugs affect nervous system synapse Regents Biology 2003-2004 Types of Neurons Neurons can also be classified by the direction that they send information: ・Sensory (or afferent) neurons: send information from sensory receptors (e.g., in skin, eyes, nose, tongue, ears) TOWARD the central nervous system. ・Motor (or efferent) neurons: send information AWAY from the central nervous system to muscles or glands. ・Interneurons: send information BETWEEN sensory neurons and motor neurons. Most interneurons are located in the central nervous system. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Reflexes Stimulus- a change in the environment. Response/Reactionhow the body reacts to a stimulus. Reflex Arc- the pathway that an impulse follows to illicit a response to a stimulus. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Parts of the Central Nervous System Brain Spinal cord Regents Biology 2003-2004 What Protects the CNS? 1. Skull and Vertebrae 2. 3 protective layers called meninges 3. Dura Mater (outer layer): consists of connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves. 4. Arachnoid Layer (middle layer): elastic and weblike 5. Pia Mater (inner layer): contains nerves and blood vessels. 6. Cerebrospinal fluid Regents Biology a clear watery liquid separates the middle and inner layers Acts as shock absorber exchange of nutrients between blood and nervous system The Brain Coordinates body activities Made up of approximately 100 billion neurons Uses 20% of bodies oxygen and energy Divided into three major parts the Cerebrum the Cerebellum the Brain Stem (Medulla Oblongata, Pons) Regents Biology 2003-2004 Cerebrum Largest part of the brain Thinking Memory is stored Movements are controlled Impulses from the senses are interpreted. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Gray Matter vs. White Matter Gray Matter – Absence of myelin in masses of neurons accounts for the gray matter of the brain – Cerebral Cortex White Matter - Myelinated neurons gives neurons a white appearance – inner layer of cerebrum Regents Biology Cerebrum specialization Regions specialized for different functions Lobes frontal frontal parietal speech, control of emotions temporal smell, hearing occipital vision parietal speech, taste reading temporal Regents Biology occipital 2003-2004 Brain Tumor Surgery Regents Biology 2003-2004 Sub-Arachnoid Cyst Removal Regents Biology 2003-2004 Subdural Hematoma Regents Biology 2003-2004 Cerebellum Responsible for the coordination of muscles and is the center of balance Regents Biology 2003-2004 Regents Biology 2003-2004 Medulla Center of heart beat, respiration, and other involuntary actions Regents Biology 2003-2004 Other Structures inside the Brain Thalamus – receives messages from sensory receptors; relays information to proper regions of cerebrum Hypothalamus - Regulates hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, etc… Control of pituitary for endocrine function Regents Biology Section 35-3 Cerebrum Thalamus Pineal gland Hypothalamus Cerebellum Pituitary gland Pons Medulla oblongata Regents Biology Spinal cord The Spinal Cord Extension of the brain stem Bundles of neurons that carry impulses from all parts of the body to the brain and from the brain to all parts of your body Regents Biology 2003-2004 The Peripheral Nervous System Your brain and spinal Somatic cord are and connected Autonomic to the rest Systems of your The body by peripheral the nervous peripheral system has nervous two major system. divisions. The PNS is made up somatic of 12 pairs system of nerves controls from your voluntary brain It actions. called is made up cranial of the nerves, and cranial and 31 spinal pairs from nerves that your go from spinal the cord called central spinal nervous nerves. to system Spinal your nerves are skeletal made up of muscles. bundles of The sensory autonomic and motor system neurons controls bound involuntary together by actionsconnective those not tissue. For under this conscious Research reason, controla Visit the single such as Glencoe spinal your heart Science nerve rate, can Web site at have breathing, tx.science. impulses digestion, glencoe.co going and to m forfrom more and glandular information the functions. brain at about the the These same two nervous time. divisions, Some system. nerves along with Make a contain the central brochure only nervous outlining sensory system, recentup neurons, make medical and your some advances. contain body's only motor nervous neurons, system. but most nerves contain both types of neurons. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Peripheral Nervous System Connects body to brain & spinal cord 12 pairs of nerves from your brain (cranial nerves) 31 pairs from your spinal cord (spinal nerves) Bundles of sensory and motor neurons held together by connective tissue Two divisions Somatic Autonomic Regents Biology 2003-2004 Divisions of the PNS: Somatic Nervous System Controls voluntary actions Made up of the cranial and spinal nerves that go from the central nervous system to your skeletal muscles Autonomic Nervous System Controls involuntary actions-those not under conscious control-such as your heart rate, breathing, digestion, and glandular functions Regents Biology 2003-2004 Regents Biology http://www.christopherreeve.org/Research/Research.cfm?ID=178&c=21 2003-2004