Download 血液与血细胞发生

clinical medicine
Chapter 4
Blood and Hemopoiesis
Li Jinxin, associate professor
Department of Histology and Embryology
Objectives
• Composition of blood.
• Structure and function of the formed
elements of blood.
• Haemopoietic stem cells and
haemopoiesis.
1. Blood
1.1 Composition of blood
Blood consist of blood cells and
the blood plasma. The cell element
include erythrocytes, leukocytes
and platelets.
Formed elements: 45%
• red blood cell (erythrocyte)
• white blood cell (leukocyte)
• platelets
Plasma: 55%, PH 7.3-7.4, 90% water
• plasma protein: albumin, globulin,
fibrinogen.
• lipidprotein,
enzymes,
hormone,
vitamin, inorganic salt and products of
metabolism.
Serum: is plasma in which the
fibrinogen has been removed by
clotting.
1.2 Erythrocyte ( red blood cell)
normal number:
(4.0-5.5)×1012/L in male
(3.5-5.0)×1012/L in female
structure:
• biconcave discs in shape,
7.5-8.5 um in diameter.
• no nucleus and organelles
• filled with hemoglobin, Hb
life span: 120 days.
Blood(Wright stain)
• hemoglobin,Hb
Normal number:
120-150g/L in male
110-140g/L in female
Function:
combine and transfer O2 and CO2
erythrocyte membrane skeleton:
change shape
main component is spectrin and actin
blood type antigen:
A and (or) B membrane protein
ABO blood type
hemolysis:erythrocyte ghost
anemia: RBC <3.0×1012 /L
or Hb <100g/L
reticulocyte
• 0.5-1%
of
total
erythrocyte population.
• immature cell
• remained
ribosome
delicate
• network structure when
stained with brilliant
cresyl blue.
• will disappear after 1-3
days.
1.3 leukocyte ( white blood cell)
a group of large cells with nucleus
involve in defense and immune reaction
normal number: (4.0-10) ×109/L
classification:
• granulocytes: /neutrophil （50%-70%）
/eosinophil （0.5%-3%）
/basophil
(0%-1%）
• agranulocytes:
/lympocyte （25%-30%)
/monocyte （3%-8%）
1.3.1 Neutrophilic granulocyte (neutrophil)
LM structure:
• round, 10-12µm in diameter.
• polymorphous
nucleus,
consisting 0f 2-5 sausageshaped lobes,interlinked by
a fine thread of chromatin.
• Abundant,fine neutrophilic
granules,pink cytoplasm.
EM structure:
specific granule:
• 80%
• small, 0.3-0.4 µm
ovoid or irregular in shape
• contain: lysozyme, phagocytin (defensin)
azurophilic granule:
• 20%
• large, round or ovoid , 0.6-0.7 µ m
• electron dense
• lysosome: acid phosphatase, peroxidase, acidic
hydrolase.
Function:
phagocytose bacterium.
Life span:
in blood 6-8 hours, in CT 2-3 days.
1.3.2 Eosinophilic ranulocyte
(eosinophil)
LM structure:
• round,10-15µm in
diameter.
• 2 lobes nucleus
• Abundant, rough,
bright
red,
acidophilic granules.
EM structure:
granules:
• round or ovoid
• with cube-liked electron
dense crystal
• contain: lysozyme
ACPase
histaminase
peroxidase
Function:
counteract the infection of parasite
reduce allergic reaction
Life span:
in blood 6-8 hour, in CT 8-12 days
1.3.3 Basophilic granulocyte
(basophil)
LM structure:
• round ,10-12µm
• lobe, “S” shaped or
irregular nucleus
• less, large, dark blue
basophilic granules.
EM structure
Granule contain:
• Heparin
• Histamine
• Acidophil chemotactic
factor
Cytoplasm contain:
leukotriene
Function: involve in
allergic reaction.
Life span: 10-15 days.
1.3.4 Lymphocyte
LM structure:
• round, small LC 6-8 µ m,
medium-sized LC 9-12 µ m,
large LC 13-20 µ m in
diameter.
• round
nucleus
with
indentation,
chromatin
appears as spot-liked and
electron-dense.
• cytoplasm: less, basophilic.
EM structure:
Azurophilic granule are
present.The cytoplasm is
lacking in organelles but
contains
many
free
ribosomes.
Classification:
•T cell: thymus dependent lymphocyte,
75%, involve in cellular immune reaction.
•B cell: bone marrow dependent
lymphocyte, 10-15%, become into plasma
cell, involve in humoral immune response
•nature killer cell: 10%
Function: involve in immune response
1.3.5 Monocyte
LM structure:
• large round, 1420µm.
• nucleus appear as
kidney, horse-shoe
or ovoid in shape.
• cytoplasm:
grayblue
in
color,
contain azurophilic.
EM structure :
• Azurophilic granule
Function: actively mobile and chemotaxis,
phagocytose.
Life span: in blood 1-5 days, in CT which
become into macrophage.
1.4 Blood platelet
cytoplasmic fragment of
megakaryocyte
in
bone marrow
normal number: 100300X109/L
LM structure:
• disc-liked,
2-4µm,
irregular in shape.
• in groups.
• Granulomere
and
hyalomere
EM structure :
tubular systems:
• opening tubule system: increasing the
exchange area, facilitate the intaking and
releasing.
• dense tubule system: SER, collecting Ca2+ and
synthesizing prostaglandin.
granules:
•specific granule: contains clotting factor,
fibrinogen, acidic hydrolase
•dense granule: contains 5-hydroxytryptamine,
ADP,ATP, Ca2+ and adrenalin.
Function:
• involve in clotting and stopping the
bleed.
• protecting endothelium and take
part in repairing of endothelium.
2. Bone marrow and hemopoiesis
2.1 Places for hemopoiesis
yalk sac ( 3W)
liver (6W)
spleen (4M)
bone marrow
2.2 Structure of bone marrow
red bone marrow:hemopoietic tissue
reticular tissue,hemopoietic cell,
macrophage, fibroblast, lipid cell and
mesenchymal cell and sinus.
Hemopoietic inductive microenvironment
( HIM):
The environment for hemopoietic cell
growth and development.
stromal cells: including reticular cell,
fibroblast, macrophage, endothelial cell
and lipid cell.
2.3 Hemopoietic stem cell and hemopoietic
progenitor cell
2.3.1 hemopoietic stem cell(HSC):
multipotential stem cell
originated yalk sac, constitutes about 0.5% of
total bone marrow cells.similar to small LC.
feature:
• strong potential to proliferation.
• multidifferentiated ability.
• ability to copy itself.
2 . 3 . 2 hemopoietic progenitor cell(HPC):
committed stem cell
• Erythrocytes HPC
• Granulocytes and monocytes HPC
• Megakaryocytes HPC
2.3.3 General regulation of hemopoietic
processes:
main steps:
• promordial stage
• immature stage
• mature stage
2.3.4 Regulations:
• size of cell become smaller and smaller
• Nucleus become smaller and smaller or
disappears.
Chromatin: from fine and loose to rough
and dense.
• cytoplasm: more and more
basophilic: weaker and weaker
specific granule: more and more
• ability to division: from have to no, but
keep the potentials.
Questions
1.Describe the composition of blood and
state the normal value of each formed
element in adult humans.
2.What is the classification of leukocytes
according to?
3.What are the structural features of
various blood cells?