Download Biochemistry

Chapter Outline
The Living World
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya, (Viruses)
Biomolecules
Functional Groups
Major Classes of Biomolecules
Biochemical Reactions
Reactions, Energy, Metabolism, Order
Genetic Information Processing
1P1-1
What is Life?
1. Life is complex and dynamic.
2. Life is organized and self-sustaining.
3. Life is cellular.
4. Life is information based.
5. Life adapts and evolves.
1P1-2
1.1 The Living World
All living species are composed of
prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
Living organisms are classified in to
three domains:
bacteria
archaea (extremophiles)
eukarya
1P1-3
Prokaryotes
Two groups:
eubacteria
e. g. Escherichia coli
Staphylococcus aureus
archae
e. g. Halobacterium salinarium
Thermoplasma acidophilus
1P1-4
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cells are larger and more
complex than prokaryotic cells.
They contain organelles: eg. Nucleus.
Most are multicellular.
1P1-5
1.2 Biomolecules
Most compounds found in organisms
are organic molecules.
These molecules contain carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus, and sulfur.
Most molecules found in organisms are
derived from hydrocarbons.
1P1-6
Biomolecules: Hydrocarbons
H
H C H methane
H
HHHHHH
H C C C C C C H hexane
H
H
H
H
H
H
CH2
H2C
CH2
cyclohexane
H2C
CH2
CH2
1P1-7
Biomolecules: Functional Groups
R CH CH R alkene
R OH alcohol
R SH thiol
O
RCH aldehyde
O
R C R ketone
1P1-8
Biomolecules: Functional Groups
O
R C OH carboxylic acid
O
R C OR ester
O
R C NH2 amide
R NH2
amine
1P1-9
Classes of Biomolecules-1a
Amino acids make peptides and proteins.
O
O C OH
OH
C
H
N
C
H
2
H2N C H
CH2OH
R
O
OH
a-aminoacid
Serine,
Ser
C
H2N C H
Lysine, Lys CH2
R groups
NH2
4
1P1-10
Classes of Biomolecules-1b
Some amino acids are not a-aminoacids.
O
H2N CH2CH2C OH
b-alanine
O
H2N CH2CH2CH2C OH
g-aminobutyric acid
GABA
1P1-11
Small Biomolecules-1c
H
H
O
H
O
+
H3N C C N C C O
R
R
Peptide bond
O
O
O
O
H2N CH C NH CH C NH CH C NH CH C OH
CH2OH H
CH2SH CH3 1P1-12
Small Biomolecules-2
Monosaccharides (simple sugars) make
carbohydrates
H
HO
H
H
CHO
CH2OH
C OH
CO
C H HO C H
C OH H C OH
C OH H C OH
CH2OH CH2OH
D-glucose
D-fructose
O
H
C
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
D-ribose
1P1-13
Small Biomolecules-3a
Fatty acids are part of many lipids. O
H3C
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
C
O
CH2
Lauric acid (saturated) in anion form
O
CH
CH2
CH
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
C
CH2
O
CH3
CH2
An unsaturated fatty acid
1P1-14
Small Biomolecules-3b
O
CH2 O C R1
O
CH O C R2
O
CH2 O C R3
a fat/oil or
triacyl glycerol
O
CH2 O C R1
O
CH O C R2
O
CH3
+
CH2 O P CH2CH2 N CH3
O
CH3
phosphatidylcholine
1P1-15
Small Biomolecules-3c
CH3
(CH3)2CH CH2 3 CH
CH3
CH3
HO
Cholesterol
1P1-16
Small Biomolecules-4a
Nucleotides join to form DNA and RNA.
Nucleotides are composed of:
a nitrogenous base
ribose or deoxyribose sugar ring
NH
2
phosphate group
O
N
- O P O CH
2
N
-O
O
H H
H
H
OH OH
N
N
1P1-17
Small Biomolecules-4b
Bases
NH2
O
Adenine (A)
C N
C N
Guanine
(G)
N C
HN C
CH
CH Cytosine (C)
HC C N
C CN
N
N
Thymine (T)
H
N
H 2
H
Uracil (U)
pyrimidines
purines
O
O
NH2
C CH3
C
C
HN CH
N CH HN C
C CH
C CH C CH
O N
O N
O N
1P1-18
H
H
H
Small Biomolecules-4c
DNA
Is a polymer of two polynucleotide
strands wrapped in a right handed
double helix.
Has a sugar (deoxyribose) phosphate
backbone.
Has the bases paired via hydrogen
bonding. (A-T and G-C)
Carries the genetic information (genes)
of an organism.
1P1-19
Small Biomolecules-4d
Fig 1.14
1P1-20
Small Biomolecules-4e
RNA
Is a polymer of polynucloetide strands.
Has a sugar (ribose) phosphate
backbone.
Has the bases A, U, G, and C.
Consists of three types:
messenger RNA
transfer RNA
ribosomal RNA
1P1-21