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Chapter 7, Sections 2,3 How was Japan traditionally broken down by social class? As the three great commanders (Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyosh, and Tokugawa Ieyasu) were unifying Japan, the first Europeans began to arrive. The Japanese were fascinated by European goods. Nobunaga and Hideyoshi found the new firearms helpful in unifying the islands. The Tokugawa rulers established control of the feudal system that had governed Japan for more than 300 years. The state was divided into about 250 separate territories called hans, or domains. Each was ruled by a daimyo. The shogunate controlled the daimyo by a hostage system. The daimyo were required to maintain two residences— one in their own lands and one in Edo, where the shogun’s court was located. Daimyo: “great names”;. The head of noble families in Japan who controlled vast landed estates and relied on samurai for protection. Social Class in Japan: The emperor and his court were at the top; The warrior class (shogun, daimyo, samurai, ronin*) was next; farmers, artisans and merchants were third; and the eta (outcasts) were at the bottom. Much popular literature of the Tokugawa Era was lighthearted, but poetry remained a more serious form of literature. Kabuki was the popular theater, and concerned the world of teahouses and dance halls in the cities. Yi rulers consolidated their rule of Korea by adopting the Chinese example of a strong bureaucratic state. The Korean rulers sought to limit contact with foreign countries and keep the country isolated from the outside world. It became known as the “Hermit Kingdom”. Isolationist: a policy of national isolation by abstention from alliances and other international political and economic relations Islam and Christianity began to attract converts throughout SE Asia. Buddhism advanced on the mainland, becoming dominant from Burma to Vietnam. Traditional beliefs survived and influenced the new religions. The mainland states of Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia had the “Buddhist model”, with a king considered superior to other human beings, who served as the link between human society and the universe. Since ancient times, spices had been highly valued. European countries competed to find a sea route to the Indies. In the early 1600s the Dutch seized a Portuguese fort in the Moluccas and gradually pushed the Portuguese out of the spice trade.