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Transcript 
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
IN AFRICA
Tymeka Lewis, Ph.D. student
Walden University
PUBH 8165-1
Instructor: Dr. Shana Morrell
Spring, 2009
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Schistosomiasis
 Definition

Rate of the disease

Symptoms

Treatments

Prevention
WHAT IS SCHISTOSOMIASIS?
•
Bilharzia or snail fever (CDC, 2008)
•
200 million people are infected, mainly in Africa
(CDC, 2008)
•
20 million people disabled (EPA, 2008)
•
280,000 die each year (EPA, 2008)
•
Contaminated freshwater with snails carry the
disease (CDC, 2008)
CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/schistosomiasis/default.html
EPA. (2008). Scientist identify new leads for treating parasitic worm disease. Retrieved April 13, 2009,
from http://www.eps.gov/aging/press/othernews/2008/2008
HOW YOU GET IT?

Contact with contaminated
freshwater with
Schistosoma eggs




Eggs hatch
Parasites grows in
snails
Parasites leaves snails
Parasites enters a
person’s skin (CDC,
2008)
CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis: Fact sheet.
Retrieved April 13, 2009, from
http://www.cdc.gov.
Figure 1. Wikipedia. Skin vesicales on the
forearem, created by the penetration of
Schistosoma.
MAIN FORMS OF HUMAN
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
S. mansoni
Figure 2. Wikipedia.
S. haematobium
Figure 3. Wikipedia.
SYMPTOMS
 Rash
or itchy skin
 Fever or chills
 Cough
 Muscle aches
 Inflammation -swelling and
tenderness of the liver
CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis: A fact lost boys and girls of Sudan. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dq/refugee/lostboysandgirlssudan/schistosomiasis_fact_sheet.html
TREATMENT FOR
SCHISTOSOMIASIS




Praziquantel – treats all
forms (CDC, 2008)
Oxamniquine – treats
intestinal (CDC, 2008)
Metrifonate – treats
urinary (WHO, 2007)
No vaccine (CDC, 2008)
CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis: A fact sheet for the
lost boys and girls of Sudan. Retrieved April
13, 2009, from
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dq/refugee/lostboy
sandgirlssudan/schistosomiasis_fact_sheet.ht
ml
WHO. (2007). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April
13, 2009 from
http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introducti
on/Schisto.html
Figure 4. Generic Biltricide (Praziquantel ) 600
mg Tablets
PREVENTION

Avoid freshwater

washing, swimming,
wading or bathing

Drink safe water

Heat bath water

Use toilets
CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April
13, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov
Figure 5. Photo Disc Image.
WHO DOES IT MAINLY AFFECT?
CHILDREN!
Figure 6. Girl getting water.
Figure 7. Kids playing in
water.
REDUCING THE DISEASE IN AFRICA





Health education
Control of freshwater
snails
Supply of water
Low cost of medicine
Management of the
environment
 Improve sanitation
WHO. (2007). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved
April 13, 2009 from
http://www.microbiologybytes.com/intr
oduction/Schisto.html
Figure 8. WHO. New parasites (cercariae)
CONCLUSION



Schistosomiasis is caused by parasitic flatworms
(CDC, 2008).
A person become infected with schistosomiasis
when contaminated freshwater where snails
carry schistosomes gets on the skin (CDC, 2008).
There are two main forms of schistosomiasis
(Britannica, 2009).
CONCLUSION



Praziquantel is the drug that treats it (CDC,
2008).
DON’T swim, wade, bath or wash in freshwater.
66 million children are affected with
schistosomiasis (WHO, 2007).
CONCLUSION

To reduce incidence in African communities

Health education should be provided

Freshwater snails should be under control

Supply of water should be tested

Praziquantel should be provided to children
annually

Management of the environment including
improved sanitation (pipes)
REFERENCES
CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from
http://www.cdc.gov.
CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis: A fact sheet for the lost boys and girls of
Sudan. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dq/refugee/lostboysandgirlssudan/schistoso
miasis_fact_sheet.html
CDC. (2009). Prevention of specific infectious diseases. Retrieved April
13, 2009, from http://wwwn.cdc.gov.travel.yellowBookCH4Schistosomiasis.aspx
CDC. (2009). Schistosomiasis. [Online Image]. Retrieved April 13, 2009,
from Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org
Clements, A., Garba, A., Sacko, M., Toure., Dembele, R., Landoure, A.,
Bosque-Olivia, E., Gabrielli, A. F., & Fenwick, A. (2008). Mapping the
probability of schistosomiasis and associated uncertainty, West
Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(10), 1629-1632. DOI:
10.3201/eid1410.080366
REFERENCES CONTINUED
Deganello, R., Cruciani, M., Beltramello, C., Duncan, O., Oyugi, V., &
Montresor, A. (2007). Schistosoma hematobium and S. mansoni
among children, Southern Sudan. Emerging Infectious Diseases,
13(10), 1504-1506.
Doumenge, J. P., Mott, K. E., Villenave, C. D., Perrin, O. C., & ReaudThomas, G. (1987). Atlas of the global distribution of schistosomiasis.
World Health Organization. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from
http://www.who.int/wormcontrol/documents/maps/en/contents.pdf
EPA. (2008). Scientist identify new leads for treating parasitic worm
disease. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from
http://www.epa.gov/aging/press/othernews/2008/2008_0316_ons_1.ht
m
Generic Biltricide (Praziquantel). [Online Image]. Retrieved April 13,
2009, from http://www.generics.ws
Meltzer, E., Artom, G., Marva, E., Assous, M. V., Rahav, G., & Schwartz,
E. (2006). Schistosomiasis among travelers: New aspects of an old
disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(11), 1696-1700.
REFERENCES CONTINUED
Photos Disc Image. [Online Image]. Water boiling in pot on stove.
Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://images.google.com
Schistosomiasis. (2009). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 14,
2009, from Encyclopedia Britannica
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/527459/schistosomiasis
Taylor, M. (2008). Global trends in schistosomiasis control. World Health
Organization, 86(10), 738. doi 10:2471/BLT.08.058669
WHO. (2007). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from
http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/Schisto.html
WHO. Schistosomiasis. [Online Image]. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from
World Health Organization. http://www.microbiologybytes.com
Wikipedia. Schistosomiasis. [Online Image]. Retrieved April 13, 2009,
from Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org
FOR FURTHER READING


CDC. (2008).. Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from
http://www.cdc.gov.
Centron, M. S., Chitsulo, L., & Sullivan, J. J. (1996).
Schistosomiasis in Lake Malawi. Lancet, 348,
1274-1278.

Photograhy.com. [Online Image]. Retrieved April 13, 2009
from Photography.com

Pritt, B. S., & Clark, C. G. (2008). Amebiasis. Mayo Clinic
Proceedings, 83(10), 1154-1160.


Schwartz, E., Kozarsky, P., Wilson, M., & Centron, M. (2005).
Schistosome infection among river rafters on Omo River,
Ethiopia. Journal Travel Medicine, 12, 3-8.
World Health Organization. (1993). The control of
schistosomiasis: Second report of the WHO Expert
Committee. WHO Technical Report Series 830. Geneva.
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PRESENTATION!
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