Download Introducing Network Standards

Introducing
Network Standards

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
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IEEE 802.x Standard
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Device Drivers and OSI
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Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) Model
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Network Communications
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OSI Model
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Windows NT and the OSI Model
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Network Communications
Sending Computer Must:
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Recognize data
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Divide it into manageable chunks
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Add information to determine its location and
identify the receiver
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Add timing and error-checking information
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Put data on the network and send it
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Seven-Layer OSI Model
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OSI Layer Relationships
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Application Layer (7)
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Topmost layer
Represents services that directly support user
applications
Window to network services
Handles network access, flow control, and error
recovery
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Presentation Layer (6)
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Network translator
On sending end, determines formatting used to
exchange data among computers and adds
formatting so data can be understood by network
On receiving end, translates data from application
format to a common intermediate format
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Manages data compression, translation, encryption
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I/O redirectors work to redirect resources to a server
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Session Layer (5)
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Allows two applications on different computers to
open, use, and close connections
Performs name recognition and provides security
Provides synchronization by placing checkpoints in
the data stream
Implements dialog control between communication
processes
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Transport Layer (4)
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Sending end: repackages message, divides long
messages to ship properly over determined route and
arrive error-free
Receiving end: unpacks message, reassembles it, and
acknowledges receipt
Provides flow control, error handling, and solves
transmission problems
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Network Layer (3)
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Addresses the package using network address
scheme
Determines the best route on the network based on
network conditions, priority of service
Performs packet switching, routing, traffic
management, and controls congestion of data
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Data-Link Layer (2)
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Sending end: sends data frames from network layer
to physical layer
Receiving end: packages raw bits from physical layer
into data frames
Parts of data frame: Destination ID, Sender ID,
Control Data
Acknowledges data frames, error checking, and
verification
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Simple Data Frame
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Physical Layer (1)
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Bottommost Layer
Hardware-oriented, establishes and maintains
physical link between communication computers
Defines how the cable is attached to the NIC
Packet sent as an unstructured raw bit stream over
physical medium
Referred to as the “hardware layer”
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OSI Model Layer Mnemonics
OSI Layer
Down
Up
Application
All
Away
Presentation
People
Pizza
Session
Seem
Sausage
Transport
To
Throw
Network
Need
Not
Data-Link
Data
Do
Physical
Processing
Please
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Packet Assembly and
Disassembly Process
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Windows NT and OSI
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Software and Protocols
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Windows NT Architecture
with Boundary Interfaces
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The IEEE 802.x Standard

The 802 Project Model
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802 Specifications
Set Standards for:
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Network Interface Cards (NICs)
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Wide area network (WAN) components
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Components used to create twisted-pair and coaxial
cable networks
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802 Specification Categories
802.1
802.2
802.3
802.4
802.5
802.6
802.7
802.8
802.9
802.10
802.11
802.12
802.13
802.14
802.15
802.16
Internetworking
Logical Link Control (LLC)
MAC layer, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD) LAN (Ethernet)
MAC layer, Token Bus LAN
MAC layer, Token Ring LAN
Metropolitan area Network (MAN)
Broadband Technical Advisory Group
Fiber-Optic Technical Advisory Group
Integrated Voice/Data Networks
Network Security
Wireless Network
Demand Priority Access LAN, 100BaseVG-AnyLAN
Unused
Cable modem standards
Wireless personal area networks (WPAN)
Broadband wireless standards
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Project 802 LLC and
MAC Sublayers
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Project 802 LLC and
MAC Standards
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Device Drivers and OSI

Role of Drivers
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Network Environment
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Network Driver Interface Specifications (NDIS)
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Open Data-Link Interface (ODI)
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Bridging NDIS and ODI
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Role of Drivers
Drivers for nearly every type of device including:
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Input devices, such as mouse and keyboard devices
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SCSI and IDE disk controllers
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Hard and floppy-disk drives
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Multimedia devices such as microphones, cameras, and recorders
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Network Interface Cards (NICs)
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Printers, plotters, tape drives, and so forth
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Communication Between the
NIC and Network Software
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Network Driver Interface
Specification (NDIS)
Three types of network software:
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Protocol Stack: Provides network communications; generates and disassembles
frames that are sent to and received from network
Adapter Driver: Controls network interface hardware; works in MAC sublayer
and moves frames between protocol stack and interface hardware
Protocol Manager: Controls activity between protocol stack and MAC
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