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Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th Edition Martini / Bartholomew 3 Cell Structure and Function PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University Slides 1 to 102 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Cell Life Cycle Cell division—The reproduction of cells Apoptosis—Genetically programmed death of cells Mitosis—The nuclear division of somatic cells Meiosis—The nuclear division of sex cells Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Cell Life Cycle The Cell Life Cycle Figure 3-20 The Cell Life Cycle DNA Replication Figure 3-21 Cell Diversity and Differentiation Somatic Cells • All have same genes • Some genes inactivate during development • Cells thus become functionally specialized • Specialized cells form distinct tissues • Tissue cells become differentiated Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Cell Life Cycle Key Note Mitosis is the separation of duplicated chromosomes into two identical sets and nuclei in the process of somatic cell division. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Cell Life Cycle Mitosis—A process that separates and encloses the duplicated chromosomes of the original cell into two identical nuclei • Use to duplicate somatic cells • Four phases in mitosis • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Cell Life Cycle Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm to form two identical daughter cells Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Cell Life Cycle Mitotic Phases • Prophase • Chromosomes condense • Chromatids connect at centromeres • Metaphase • Chromatid pairs align at metaphase plate • Anaphase • Daughter chromosomes separate • Telophase • Nuclear envelopes reform Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Interphase Nucleus Early prophase Mitosis begins Spindle fibers Centrioles (two pairs) Metaphase Late prophase Centromeres Anaphase Chromosome with two sister chromatids Telophase Separation Daughter chromosomes Cytokinesis Metaphase plate Cleavage furrow Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Daughter cells Figure 3-22 1 of 8 Interphase Nucleus Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-22 2 of 8 Interphase Nucleus Mitosis begins Early prophase Spindle fibers Centrioles (two pairs) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-22 3 of 8 Interphase Nucleus Mitosis begins Centrioles (two pairs) Early prophase Late prophase Spindle fibers Centromeres Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chromosome with two sister chromatids Figure 3-22 4 of 8 Interphase Nucleus Mitosis begins Centrioles (two pairs) Early prophase Late prophase Spindle fibers Centromeres Chromosome with two sister chromatids Metaphase Metaphase plate Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-22 5 of 8 Interphase Nucleus Early prophase Mitosis begins Spindle fibers Centrioles (two pairs) Metaphase Late prophase Centromeres Chromosome with two sister chromatids Anaphase Daughter chromosomes Metaphase plate Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-22 6 of 8 Interphase Nucleus Early prophase Mitosis begins Spindle fibers Centrioles (two pairs) Metaphase Late prophase Centromeres Anaphase Chromosome with two sister chromatids Telophase Daughter chromosomes Metaphase plate Cleavage furrow Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-22 7 of 8 Interphase Nucleus Early prophase Mitosis begins Spindle fibers Centrioles (two pairs) Metaphase Late prophase Centromeres Anaphase Chromosome with two sister chromatids Telophase Separation Daughter chromosomes Cytokinesis Metaphase plate Cleavage furrow Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Daughter cells Figure 3-22 8 of 8 The Cell Life Cycle Key Note Cancer results from mutations that disrupt the control mechanism that regulates cell growth and division. Cancers most often begin where cells are dividing rapidly, because the more chromosomes are copied, the greater the chances of error. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Cell Life Cycle Cell Division and Cancer • Abnormal cell growth • Tumors (also called, neoplasm) • Benign • Encapsulated • Malignant • Invasion • Metastasis • Cancer—Disease that results from a malignant tumor Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Coloring Workbook The packet will be due the day before the test. You can now complete numbers 14 and 15.
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