Download 新闻媒体与对外政策

News Media and Foreign Policy
National security in the information age
The use of news media in foreign policy
Impact of global media on foreign policy
The CNN effect
 Dwight David Eisenhower : one dollar for publicity can balance
five dollars for defense
 Henry Kissinger: a radio station is more effective than a group
of B52 to exert pressure
 Joseph Nye: information edge plays a significant role as an
amplifier for American power……the United States should take
advantage of its soft power tools to project its value, ideology,
culture and social economic institutions, and fully utilize its
commercial and communication networks.
National security at Information level
 Sovereignty
information resources
security of information space: trans-border
broadcasting/transmission
 Communication capacity as part of comprehensive national power
international communication power
 Information and communication as security issue
Has national image been damaged due to news communication?
Has political value/institutions been questioned due to
information from outside world?
Has behavior and order been constrained due to international
public opinion?
 Economic security:
Is there any threat to market\technology/human resources due to
international expansion of information industry?
The use of media in foreign policy
 Media as open and secret information source




(intelligence)
谷歌地球涉嫌泄露中国机密.mht
《Spy Sorge》
记者间谍在中国.mht
Media as a messenger
signal
camouflage/disinformation
Feedback and evaluation
Media as an opinion shaper (int’l propaganda)
image construction, legitimacy making
International broadcasting
International Broadcasting

The birth of IB
comprehensive warfare
the emergence of Soviet Russia and use of radio
Netherlands, France, Belgium and UK
 IB in WWII
the extensive use of radio broadcasting during WWII
VOA and Japanese propaganda
让美军销魂的日本女播音员东京玫瑰(图)_文化读书频道_新浪网.mht
 The Cold War and IB
western information warfare: Radio Free Europe
IB contest between the two camps
美国公众外交与东欧巨变.pdf
The Washington Post: the west spent nearly half an century and billions of
dollars to find a way disintegrating the communist world, and finally discovered
that the answer lies in TV news
 IB after the Cold War
change of focus? Radio Free Asia and Radio
Martie
Top 10 by time: US, CHINA, RUSSIA,UK,
GERMANY, EGYPT, NK, FANCE, INDIA,
JAPAN
Top 10 by language: English, Russian,
Chinese Mandarin, Arabian, Spanish, French,
Japanese, Indonesian, Portuguese, Germen
Radio Broadcasting
国家
中国china
台号
中国国际广播电台CRI
语言种数
43
美国US
美国之音VOA
英国UK
英国广播公司BBC
埃及Egypt 埃及国际广播电台
43
37
32
俄罗斯RUS 俄罗斯之声Radio Moscow
30
德国GE
德国之声Deutsche Welle
29
伊朗IR
伊朗伊斯兰共和国之声
意大利ITA 意大利国际广播电台
28
27
印度India
日本JP
25
22
全印广播电台
日本广播公司NHK
TV broadcasting
媒体
播出语言
形式
所属
Australian TV
英E
综合
澳
BBC World
E英
新闻
英
CCTV 9、CCTV 4
英、中 E C
综合
中
CNN International
英E
新闻
美
Deutsche Welle
德、英、西 G E S
综合
德
Doordarshan
印地、英 I E
综合
印度
NHK International
日、英 J E
综合
日
RTP
葡P
综合
葡
RAI
意I
综合
意
TVE
西S
综合
西
TCS
中C
综合
新加坡
TV5
法F
综合
法
Al Jazeera
阿A
新闻
卡
ETTV
中C
综合
台湾地区
Impact of global media on FP
 Transparency
 Agenda setting：identification and change of
priorities
 Effect on policy making process: speed and
level
 Framing and policy making environment
 Media and non-governmental participation
 Media diplomacy
Direct intervention
 Direct intervention refers to situations where
journalists actively and directly engage in
international mediation, either having initiated
this role or having been asked by one
or more parties to pursue it. Here journalists
talk to the two sides, transmit relevant
information, and suggest detailed procedures,
proposals, or ideas that may advance official
negotiations.
Secret media-broker
 Secret media-broker diplomacy appears to be a contradiction in
terms (Eban, 1998;Gilboa, 1998, 2000b). The primary
professional mission of journalists is to uncover events, not to
conceal them. Yet foreign affairs bureaucracies are known for
rigidity and for resisting fundamental changes in
relations with rival countries. Therefore, their personnel may
leak information on negotiations, particularly if they oppose them.
Thus, in certain sensitive cases, officials prefer working with
outsiders, including reporters, to ensure secrecy
bridging
 when, during a pre-negotiation phase, journalists can
unofficially promote and facilitate interaction among
conflicting parties, improve communication, and
increase mutual understanding. The goal is to
convince the sides that they should seriously
consider negotiation as the preferred method for
resolving their conflict. Bridging is more likely when
there is no formal third party promoting conflict
resolution. It typically occurs when representatives of
rival sides are brought together on television to
discuss the issues dividing them.
“CNN effect”
 CNN effect means global real time TV
coverage and its influence on public opinion
and policy making, represented by CNN
 three dimension definition
quick information channel
fasten decision making and raise up level
damage traditional decision-making
 consensus and leadership
 News management
 It suggests that no sufficient evidence has yet been presented to
validate the CNN effect theory, that this effect has been highly
exaggerated, and that the focus on this theory has deflected and
diverted attention from the significant effects global television
does have on policymaking. “Constraining” rather than
“controlling” policymakers is a more valid analytical concept for
analyzing the effects global television has on policymaking.
When considered in this way, global television is only one of
several factors competing to influence decisions. “Constraining”
refers to the pressure global coverage applies on leaders to
respond quickly to events, to the limiting of policy options, and to
changes in the work of experts, diplomats, and communications
professionals
Conditioning media impact
 type and phase
when there is the proximity and long process
 personality of decision makers
when weak leader
 Consensus
when elites disagree
 public acceptance
when news opinion not extreme