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The Human Body:
An Orientation
Part B
Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1
Anatomical Position
 Body erect, feet slightly
apart, palms facing
forward, thumbs point
away from body
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Figure 1.7a
Directional Terms
 Superior and inferior – toward and away from the
head, respectively
 Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back
of the body
 Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the
midline, away from the midline, and between a more
medial and lateral structure
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Directional Terms
 Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the
origin of the body
 Superficial and deep – toward and away from the
body surface
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Directional Terms
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Table 1.1
Directional Terms
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Table 1.1
Regional Terms: Anterior View
 Axial – head,
neck, and trunk
 Appendicular –
appendages or
limbs
 Specific
regional
terminology
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Figure 1.7a
Regional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b
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Body Planes
 Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts
 Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the
midline
 Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior
and posterior parts
 Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the
body into superior and inferior parts
 Oblique section – cuts made diagonally
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Body Planes
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Figure 1.8
Anatomical Variability
 Humans vary slightly in both external and internal
anatomy
 Over 90% of all anatomical structures match
textbook descriptions, but:
 Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of
place
 Small muscles may be missing
 Extreme anatomical variations are seldom seen
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Body Cavities
 Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is
divided into two subdivisions
 Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the
brain
 Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column
and encases the spinal cord
 Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera),
and is divided into two subdivisions: thoracic and
abdominopelvic
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Body Planes
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Figure 1.9a
Body Planes
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Figure 1.9b
Body Cavities
 Thoracic cavity is subdivided
into pleural cavities, the
mediastinum, and the
pericardial cavity
 Pleural cavities – each
houses a lung
 Mediastinum – contains the
pericardial cavity, and
surrounds the remaining
thoracic organs
 Pericardial cavity –
encloses the heart
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Body Cavities
 The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the
superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped
diaphragm
 It is composed of two subdivisions
 Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach,
intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
 Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains
the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
 Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
 Parietal serosa lines the inner surface of a body wall
or chamber
 Serous fluid separates the serosae which helps to
reduction and cushion the organs.
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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
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Figure 1.10a
Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
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Figure 1.10b
More Specific Membrane Names
 The serous membrane lining a pleural cavity is called a pleura.
 Visceral pleura – covers outer surfaces of a lung
 Parietal pleura – covers the mediastinal surface and inner body
wall
 The mediastinum contains the pericardial cavity which surrounds
the heart.

Visceral pericardium – layer covering the heart

Parietal pericardium – opposing surface
 The abdominopelvic cavity contains the peritoneal cavity which is
lined by a serous membrane known as the peritoneum.
 Visceral peritoneum – covers the enclosed organs
 Parietal peritoneum- lines the inner surface of the body wall
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Abdominopelvic Regions
 Umbilical
 Epigastric
 Hypogastric
 Right and left iliac or
inguinal
 Right and left lumbar
 Right and left
hypochondriac
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Figure 1.11a
Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions
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Figure 1.11b
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
 Right upper
 Left upper
 Right lower
 Left lower
Figure 1.12
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