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Imperialism in the Americas
Unit 2
Legacies of Imperialism and
Colonialism
Legacies of Depopulation
Abandoned regions left cultures decimated of
leaders and of any systems
Legacies of Migration
Indigenous people moved against their will
Borders drawn up to suit their captors’ needs
Legacies of Displacement
Movement of slaves ensured communities and
families broken up
Revolution in England and
North America
Clashes between King and
Parliament
English monarchs were limited in their
powers after the Magna Carta was
signed in 1215 by John I
• Had to deal with Parliament as advisors and
accept its control over taxation
• Had to obey the law (Henry II)
Monarch still more powerful than
parliament (appointments, dismissed
parliament, and controlled foreign
policy)
Tudors (Henry VIII and Elizabeth I
esp.) always sought parliament’s
approval on major issues (ex: est
Church of England) even though they
were powerful personalities and
decisive monarchs
• Balance preserved unity and stability
• Elizabeth died without an heir in 1603
Stuarts (James VI of Scotland) became
King James I
• Had been very poor and Catholic while king of
Scotland and affected his actions in England
• Believed in the divine right of kings (no
limitations in Scotland)
• Caused conflict with parliament (House of
Lords and House of Commons) who were
mostly nobility and rich merchants
Three main issues:
• Religion – Puritans wanted to free Anglican
Church of Catholic hierarchy (most were
wealthy merchants in HofC)
– forced some to leave England (New England)
• Money – spent lavishly on his court and wars
against Catholic Spain
– Parliament refused to give money unless he agreed
to religious matters (refused) and he raised money
other ways (legal but angered parliament)
• Foreign Policy – felt that he was sympathetic
towards Catholics and didn’t give protestants
enough help
Charles I (1625)
Believed in divine right of kings as well
Parliament forced him to sign the
Petition of Right (had to go though
parliament for money and observe legal
process)
Once he got the money he dismissed
parliament, ignored the Petition of
Right, and refused to call one for 11
years
Scotland rebelled in 1638 when he tried
to impose the Anglican Church and had
to call a parliament for money to raise
an army in 1640
Long Parliament – tried to undo and
limit the reign of Charles I after
granting money
• Eventually called Charles I a tyrant
Charles I lead a band of armed
supporters into Parliament and arrested
five opponents
Civil War (1642-1649)
Charles I army mostly nobles and rural
people
Parliament’s army mostly middle class
Oliver Cromwell (Puritan) and his New
Model Army defeated and captured
Charles
Charles put on trail, executed, England
declared a republic
Commonwealth
Parliament made Cromwell its leader
Bitter religious divisions resulted in Cromwell
dissolving Parliament and ruling as a dictator
with the title of Lord Protector (1653-1658)
Used army to govern the country as a Puritan
state, crushed to Scots and the Irish Catholics
(encouraged protestant landlords)
People began to long for the monarchy
again
Long Parliament asked Charles’s son
(Charles II) to be king when Cromwell
died
Forced Puritans to leave Britain for
America
Virginia
Established (briefly) in
1584 by Sir Walter Raleigh
and Queen Elizabeth I
Re-established 1607
(chartered 1609)
Remained loyal to the
monarchy during the
Commonwealth.
Tension with the North
(Puritans)
Annexed and conquered
lands as needed (after
trading)
Limited Monarchy
Charles II agreed to Magna Carta and
Petition of Right and was cautious with
parliament
Secretly Catholic, urged toleration, and
made a secret treaty with Louis XIV
(France) to restore Catholicism for
money
Seized Dutch colony of New
Netherlands
Test Act – only Anglicans could hold
title and office
Hudson’s Bay Company
It took the vision and connections of
Prince Rupert, cousin of King Charles II,
to acquire the Royal Charter which, in
May, 1670 granted the lands of the
Hudson Bay watershed to “the
Governor and Company of Adventurers
of England trading into Hudson Bay.”
James II and the Glorious
Revolution
Openly defied Test Act and Parliament
but remained unscathed because his
daughters were Protestant
1688 – birth of a Catholic son and heir
– parliament invited Mary II (his eldest
daughter) and her husband (William
III) to take the throne
signed the Bill of Rights to become
Queen and King
• parliament more powerful than ever, free of
monarch interference, and trial by jury
James II tried to take back the throne
from Ireland but failed
• Act of Settlement passed (1701) – only an
Anglican can become king of England
• Harsh penalties on Irish Catholics
• Act of Union (1707) – England and Scotland
united to prevent James II from taking back
the Scottish throne
Anne (other protestant daughter)
made Queen (1701-1714) when
William III and Mary II died
House of Hanover
Anne has no heirs and George I (Elector
of Hanover) invited to become King
Spoke German and initial financial
boondoggle (rescued by first Prime
Minister – Walpole) ensured the decline
of the monarchy to purely ceremonial
status
Walpole let the colonies in America do
as they wished – busy with wars –
trouble later
George III lead a fight to regain power
but ended up angering the American
colonists and lost powers again after
American Revolution
Revolution in Colonial America
Colonists wanted the same rights as
English after the Glorious Revolution
Had a royal governor and an assembly
– propertied men allowed to vote
(unlike England this was most of the
male population)
Navigation Acts
• Protected merchants from competition and
most goods shipped to Britain
• Angered those who bought sugar and molasses
from the West Indies because had to buy it
from the British and not the French (ignored
law)
• MERCANTILISM
Road to Revolution
• Seven Years War ended in 1763 and British
needed money to pay off debt
• Troops put in North America to protect lands
won from France (New France)
• British felt that Americans should help pay for
their own defense
Series of Acts to tax the colonists
• normal in Europe but Americans angry
(boycotts when enforced and forced to repeal
acts)
• Colonial assemblies declared that they were the
only ones who had the right to tax in the
colonies
• 1773 – Boston Tea Party – drunk colonists
dressed as Natives dumped a shipment of tea
into Boston harbor
seen as an act of rebellion and British
passed the “Intolerable Acts”
• closed Boston harbor, outlawed Massachusetts
assembly, and imposed military rule on the
colony
• Quebec Act – Americans saw it as a way to
prevent them from moving west
Continental Congress convened in
Philadelphia – ignored acts and
boycotted all British goods
Fighting broke in 1775 at Lexington
Second Continental Congress held
where Thomas Jefferson wrote much of
the Declaration of Independence (ideas
of Locke)
American Victory
Due to distances involved for the
British, George Washington, guerilla
tactics (early) and French military and
monetary support
Parliament forced George III to accept
peace in 1781
Operated under the Articles of
Confederation until 1789 (US
government only has the money,
authority, and power that the states
wanted it to have)
US Constitution inspired by Locke and
Montesquieu
Bill of Rights added as the first ten
amendments to the constitution
(1791)
US became a model for the rest of the
world
New Territories
1803 – Louisiana Purchase from
Napoleon ($15m) to fight wars
1804/5 – Lewis and Clark explored
1812-1815 – Invasion of Canada
1819 – Florida ceded by Spain
1845 – “Manifest Destiny”
Annexed the Republic of Texas by treaty
and caused a war with Mexico
1846-48 – Mexican-American War
picked up California, Utah and New Mexico
1846 – Oregon Treaty with Britain
(drew line between BC and Oregon)
1867 – Alaska bought from Russia
($1m)
Split Between North and South
Slavery a major issue in 1820s
especially when adding a new state
(balance maintained)
South wanted slavery, North wanted to
abolish it
Neither wanted the other to have more
power in Senate
Managed to always admit one of each
simultaneously
North industrialized while South
remained largely agricultural (Roman
parallel) resulting in increased tension
South objected to a high tariff
1860 – election of Abraham Lincoln as
President sealed succession of the
South
11 states succeed to form the
“Confederate States of America”
South started the Civil War to ensure
independence
CSE had better generals but USA had
higher population, factories, and
railroads. Britain supports the South.
Lincoln issues Emancipation proclamation
1865 – Gen Lee (CSE) surrendered to
Gen Grant (USA)
13th amendment passed while South
not reinstated into Congress (have to
pass it to enter)
South left decimated and occupied by
Federal troops until 1877
Only begun to recover by 1900
Economic Expansion
North had rapid expansion after the Civil War
and surpassed Britain
Boom in the west in cattle, gold and silver
Great Plains became a breadbasket of the
world
Railroads contributed to economic expansion
USA invested in Europe and Europe invested
in USA
Canada
1763 – Britain gains Quebec
1774 – Quebec Act
1777 – Americans Invade – repulsed and
Loyalists come
1791 – Canada Act
1812-1815 – War with the USA
1837 – uprisings in Upper and Lower Canada
1839 – Lord Durham report
1840 – Act of Union
1849 - self-government
1867- Canada made a dominion
1931 – Statute of Westminster
Residential Schools -
Revolution in Latin America
Wars of Independence
Sources of Discontent
Rigid social structure Spanish Governors
<= colonists <= mestizos (mixed
descent) <= Natives and African slaves
1781 revolts began but unsuccessful
Independence for Haiti
Was a French colony
When the French ideals of liberty,
equality and fraternity did not spread to
them the slaves revolted in 1791 killing
their masters
1801 – after 13 years of violence
Napoleon Boneparte sent an army to
Haiti
1804 – Jean Jacques Dessalines and
Henri Christophe declared Haiti
independent after fierce resistance to
the army who suffered most of its
losses to Yellow Fever
Revolutionary Spirit Spreads
Inspired by Haiti and after Napoleon’s
conquest of Spain in 1808 the Spanish
colonies set up their own governments
rather than submit to Napoleon
1815 - Ferdinand VII put back on the
throne and tries to reassert control over
Latin America (the resistance begins)
Simon Bolivar “the great liberator” freed
and became President of Greater
Colombia (Venezuela to Panama)
Jose de San Martin freed Argentina in
1816, Chile in 1818, and helped Bolivar
in 1820
Mexico
1810 – Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican
War of Independence (1810-21)
• Took a while because of conservative/liberal divide
• Eventually got a constitution and declared a republic
(1823)
1821 – inspired by Mexico, central America
declared independence as the United
Provinces of Central America
Brazil
1808 – Napoleon conquers Portugal and
royal family flees to Brazil
After Napoleon’s defeat most of the
royal family returns but the son (Pedro)
of the king remains as its governor
1822 – Pedro asked by the colonists to
become emperor and throw off
Portuguese colonialism and he does
Newly independent nations started out
unstable and most have remained so
until 2000.
Monroe Doctrine and the British
Navy
Both UK and USA wanted the new
nations to develop without
interference because of the
commercial value of their trade
without Spain
1823 – UK asks USA for a joint
declaration of European noninterference in Latin America
US President Monroe decides to make
the statement alone:
• “The American continents are henceforth not to
be considered as subjects or future colonization
by any European powers. With the
governments who have declared independence
and have maintained it, we would consider any
European intervention the manifestation of an
unfriendly disposition toward the United States
. . .”
Had to rely on the British navy to
enforce this policy
Did not oppose foreign investment in
new nations though (could be used as
an excuse for war)
USA used Monroe Doctrine to dominate
the Western Hemisphere
Spanish-American War
1898 – Cuba declared independence
and USA sent the battleship Maine to
protect US citizens and property
• Maine sunk mysteriously and US clamored for
war
• US won quick victories and was given Puerto
Rico and the Philippines
• Cuba became independent in 1900 with a
constitution but USA forced them to sign the
Platt Amendment, which gave them the right to
intervene to protect Americans and their
property if necessary
Many countries in Latin America feared
US power and resented their quasiimperialist policies
Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine
When Venezuela and the Dominican
Republic defaulted on loans to
Germany, Britain, and Italy they moved
to occupy them to gain repayment
Roosevelt sent ships to stop them and
insisted that only they had this power
1904 - Roosevelt Corollary – USA
exercises a world police power to gain
repayment of debts from Latin
American countries (used several times
in the next 20 years)
Panama Canal
Roosevelt proposed the building of the
Panama canal so the US Navy could
move its fleet faster
Panama was part of Colombia – not
sure about such a canal – feared loss of
control of region
1903 – USA incites revolt in Panama
and gets the people to sign a treaty
allowing them to build it
1904 – construction begins
1914 – canal completed