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SOCI 2160
Spring 2011
Class #4
Welcome to Marriage
and the Family
Agenda Class #4
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Review of class #3
http://www.quia.com/mc/1435339.html
Gender survey
Film clips
Notes on Chapter 2
Issues of Sex
and Gender
SOCI 2160
Unit #1
Sex vs. Gender
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Sex = set of biological characteristics
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Gender = social and psychological traits
expected of people based on their
biological sex
Gender
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Master status
Determines rights and privileges
relative to others
Gender identity = definition of self
Yin and Yang
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Yin and yang are complementary
opposites that interact within a greater
whole, as part of a dynamic system.
Everything has both yin and yang
aspects, but either of these aspects may
manifest more strongly in particular
objects, and may ebb or flow over time.
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The concept of yin and yang
is often symbolized by various
forms of the Taijitu symbol, for
which it is probably best known in
western cultures.
YANG (masculine power):
Heaven/sky, sun, daytime, spring, summer,
activity, leading, being awake, speaking, doing,
going somewhere (with an aim), singing,
positive, warm, expanding, fast, dry, high, wide,
right, light; in the body: head, upper extremities,
the hollow organs (Fu-organs): colon, gall
bladder, bladder, stomach, small intestine...
YIN (feminine power):
Earth, moon, night, fall, winter, passivity,
following, sleeping, resting, eating, drinking,
listening, meditating, receiving, accepting,
going (with no aim), negative, cold,
contracting, slow, moist, low, near, left,
dark; in the body: feet, lower extremities,
compact-organs (Zang-organs): kidneys,
pancreas, lungs, heart, liver...
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So every man and every woman, but also
every animal, plant or mineral, and each of
the innumerous beings existing in the vast
spaces of the universe, had once been
created either as a predominantly male or a
predominantly female being - and it has
within himself/herself both female and male
aspects and characteristics.
Source: http://www.puramaryam.de/createtao.html
Gender Stereotypes
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Stereotype - rigidly held belief that a
category of people have a particular set
of characteristics
– So with the yin/yang philosophy, how
did we get such rigid stereotypes?
– Are some behaviors
inherently male or female?
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nIXUjzyMe0
Research results
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Many studies of the 1990’s show that
Americans still strongly associate certain
personality traits, interests and abilities
with males and others with females
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o91SkGnKKRo&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=23XNu1xdDqE&NR=1
Is biology destiny?
• XX or XY chromosomes
• Sociobiologists believe that gender
differences in personality can be
attributed to biology
• Does evolution favor males who are
stronger and females who would be
good reproducers?
Act Like a Man
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTc5OWBoQLw&feature=related
Act Like a Lady
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovoQl8Sx4HQ&NR=1&feature=fv
wp
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgwNbf7gjXM&NR=1&feature=fv
wp
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What names or put-downs are
boys/men called when they don't fit the
“image”?
What names are girls/women called if
they step out of the stereotype box?
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pW
c1e3Nbc2g&NR=1
Traditional beliefs
• Showed gender differences in
mathematical ability, visual spatial
ability, verbal ability and helping
skills
• Men better in first two; women better
in latter
Newer Analyses
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Debunk traditional studies
Analysis of over 100 studies
– e.g., math differences very small;
females slightly better than males
Helping Behavior
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Dominant female stereotype of
nurturance
– actually, men are more likely to help
– women are more likely to be helped
Gender Survey
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Take the Gender Survey
http://www.quia.com/sv/64918.html
Question #7 state hypothesis and
name IV and DV
Review the Statistics
Would data support your hypothesis?
Socialization
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The process by which one becomes a
person and a functioning member of
the society
Transmitting the cultural values and
norms to the next generation
Agents of
Socialization
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Different sources
influencing your
gender
socialization:
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Family
Race/Ethnicity
Peers
Religion
Education
Economy
Mass Media
Give some examples of how your
socialization to be male or female
was influenced by each of these
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Group #1 – family, religion and the
economy
Group #2 – racial or ethnic (cultural) group
and peers
Group #3 – education and mass media
5 minutes
until report
out
Give some examples of how your
socialization to be male or female
was influenced by each of these
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Group #1 – family, religion and the
economy
Group #2 – racial or ethnic (cultural) group
and peers
Group #3 – education and mass media
3 minutes
until report
out
Give some examples of how your
socialization to be male or female
was influenced by each of these
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Group #1 – family, religion and the
economy
Group #2 – racial or ethnic (cultural) group
and peers
Group #3 – education and mass media
1 minute
until report
out
Give some examples of how your
socialization to be male or female
was influenced by each of these
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Group #1 – family, religion and the
economy
Group #2 – racial or ethnic (cultural) group
and peers
Group #3 – education and mass media
Report Out Now
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Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Consequences of Traditional
Gender Role Socialization
Consequences of Traditional
Male Role Socialization
Consequences of Traditional
Gender Role Socialization
The term feminization of poverty refers to the
disproportionate percentage of poverty
experienced by women living alone or with
their children.
– Single mothers are particularly associated with
poverty.
– The process is cyclical—poverty contributes to
teenage pregnancy, since teens have limited
supervision and few alternatives to parenthood.
Consequences of Traditional
Gender Role Socialization
Restricted
Earning
Capacity
Limited
Educational
Advancement
Poverty
Teenage
Pregnancy
How can we break
this cycle?
What has been in
the media that
might add to or
help break the
cycle?
Video
Clip
Female Genital Mutilation
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The reason for the practice is
cultural—parents believe that female
circumcision makes their daughters
marketable for marriage.
Many daughters view it as a rite of
passage and of improving their chance
for marriage.
Changing Gender Roles
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Androgyny
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Androgyny refers to a blend of traits that are
stereotypically associated with both masculinity
and femininity.
Is it good to be androgynous in 2008?
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Sandra Bem’s Androgyny Scale
LOVE
CHAPTER 2
Romantic vs. Realistic Love
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Romantic Love:
– Characterized by such beliefs as love at
first sight, there is only one true love, and
love conquers all.
– Symptoms of romantic love include
drastic mood swings, palpitations of the
heart, and intrusive thoughts about the
partner.
Romantic vs. Realistic Love
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Realistic Love:
– Also known as conjugal love.
– Conjugal (married) love is less emotional,
passionate, and exciting than romantic
love and is characterized by
companionship, calmness, comfort, and
security.
Triangular View of Love
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Sternberg’s “triangular” view of love consists
of three basic elements:
– Intimacy
– Passion
– Commitment
• The presence or absence of these provides a
description of types of love.
Triangular Theory of Love
Descriptions of Love
Nonlove:
Absence of intimacy, passion, and
commitment
Two strangers looking at each other from
afar
Liking:
Intimacy without passion or commitment
A new friendship
Descriptions of Love
Infatuation
Passion without intimacy or commitment
Two persons flirting with each other in a bar
Romantic love
Intimacy and passion without commitment
Love at first sight reflects this type of love.
Descriptions of Love
Companionate/conjugal love
Intimacy and commitment without passion
A couple who have been married for fifty years
are said to have a companionate love.
Fatuous love
Passion and commitment without intimacy
A couple who are passionately about each
other and talk of the future but do not have
an intimate connection with each other.
Descriptions of Love
Empty love
Commitment without passion or intimacy
A couple who stay together for social and legal
reasons but who have no spark or sharing
between them.
Consummate love
Combination of intimacy, passion, and
commitment
Sternberg’s view of the ultimate, all-consuming
love.
Complete the following activity .. You will score this but it will not be
submitted; so answer as honestly as possible for your own
information.
THE LOVE PROFILE
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Love Styles
Ludus
– Views love as a game, refuses to become
dependent, and does not encourage
another’s intimacy.
• Pragma
– The love of the pragmatic, who is logical
and rational.
• Eros
– A love style of passion and romance.
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Love Styles
Mania
– The person with mania love style feels
intense emotion and sexual passion but
is out of control.
• Storge
– A calm, soothing, nonsexual love devoid
of intense passion.
• Agape
– A love style that is selfless and giving.
A = Eros: My partner and I have the right physical chemistry
between us
B = Ludus: I believe that what my partner doesn't know about
me wont hurt him/her.
C = Storge: Our love is the best kind because it grew out of a
long friendship.
D = Pragma: A main consideration in choosing my partner was
how he/she would reflect on my family.
E = Mania: When my partner doesn't pay attention to me, I feel
sick all over.
F = Agape: I would rather suffer myself than let my partner
suffer.
Assignment
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Complete the profiles as given in class
Quizzes are available
Continue reading Chapters 1 – 5
Be thinking of ideas for International
Fair project, if we want to do one.