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Presentation to International Workshop on Energy
Statistics
Energy Accounts
Ester Koch
National Accounts
The Environmental
Economic Accounts unit is
part of National Accounts.
Four people do water,
minerals, energy, fisheries
and land accounts.
2─5 December 2008, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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Energy Accounts
Supply and Use Tables
The physical flows are captured in the flow accounts structure, and the supply
and use tables format is used.
SEEA 2003 and SEEA-E
The international methodology as set out in the system of Integrated
Environmental and Economic Accounting 2003 is followed with regard to the
definition of natural resource accounting. Recently Statistics South Africa are
using the SEEA for Energy as guideline as well.
SIC
The energy accounts uses the Standard Industrial Classification of all
Economic Activities (SIC) for economic activities as per the System of National
Accounts (SNA).
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Energy Accounts
Physical flow accounts
In the development of the physical flow accounts, in the format of the 1993
System of National Accounts, the Department of Minerals and Energy’s
Energy Balance is used. The physical units are converted to Terajoules to
give total energy use and total energy supply.
Four types of physical flows are captured:
Natural resource extraction
Coal, crude oil, and gas.
Ecosystem inputs
i.e. oxygen combustion.
Products
Energy fuels such as petrol and diesel.
Residuals
Generated by the use of fossil fuels.
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Eight columns:
Changes were made to
the SEEA framework.
Excluded: Natural gas,
steam and hot water,
wood, and straw and
waste
Included: Nuclear power,
hydropower, and
renewables and waste.
1 Crude oil
2 Coal and Lignite
3 Petroleum products
4 Gas to users
5 Electricity
6 Nuclear power
7 Hydropower
8 Renewables and
waste
Units of measurement
Terajoules (TJ)
a. Domestic production
b. Imports
c. Total supply (a+b)
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Supply Table
Total energy supply
Use Table
1 Crude oil
2 Coal and Lignite
3 Petroleum products
4 Gas to users
5 Electricity
6 Nuclear power
7 Hydropower
8 Renewables and
waste
Total energy use
Units of measurement
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Intermediate
consumption by
industries
Inventory changes
Total private
consumption
Exports
Losses in distribution
Intermediate consumption by industries includes:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Agriculture and fishing
Mining and quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity, gas and steam production
Construction
Transport, storage and communication
Commercial sector (wholesale and retail traders,
financial intermediates and public services).
No further breakdown is done in these categories.
c. Total use (a+b+c+d+e)
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Energy resources
Energy resources:
Coal = main energy supply source and provides 75% of primary energy
needs (South Africa 6th largest holder of coal reserves)
The remaining sources of supply are:
•
Oil
•
Gas
•
Nuclear power
•
Hydropower
•
Renewable resources (wind, solar, biomass and wave power)
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Classifications
Classification of energy sectors:
Industrial – uses largest amount of energy and is divided in eight sub sectors:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chemicals and petrochemicals
Food and tobacco
Iron and steel
Mining
Non-ferrous metals
Non-metallic minerals
Pulp and paper
•
Other
Residential – are classified into urban and rural:
•
Urban – use modern fuels, i.e. electricity for cooking, water heating, space heating,
and lighting.
•
Rural – mainly traditional fuels, i.e. wood, dung, and bagasse. Transitional fuels
include coal, paraffin and liquid petroleum gas (LPG).
Transport – together with residential 2nd and 3rd largest users of energy:
Agriculture
Commercial
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Sectoral energy consumption
Final sectoral consumption of energy in Terajoules (TJ)
1 400 000
1 200 000
1 000 000
800 000
600 000
400 000
200 000
0
Industry
(includes
mining)
Transport
Residential
Commerce
2004
2003
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Agriculture
Non-specific Non-energy
use
(other)
Classifications
Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities
SIC Codes
Major Division 4
Division 41
Major Group 411
Group 4111
Sub Group 41111
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Electricity, gas & water supply
Electricity, gas, steam & hot water supply
Production, collection & distribution of electricity
Production, collection & distribution of electricity
Generation
41112
Distribution of purchased electric energy only
41113
Generation for own use
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Data collection
In order to compile the accounts, data is obtained from Statistics
South Africa in the form of a survey, with 22 power stations
complying monthly.
Questions:
1. Electricity generated in kilowatt-hours (kWh).
2. Electricity consumed in power station(s) and energy storage systems in kWh.
3. Net quantity of electricity generated and sent out from power station(s).
4. Purchases outside the Republic of South Africa, e.g. Mozambique (specifying
supplier).
5. Consumed in synchronous condenser (CSO), Department of Water Affairs and
Forestry (DWAF) and Assets” (Applicable to the Electricity Supply Commission
[Eskom]).
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Data sources
The Department of Minerals and Energy uses the following
sources of data to compile the Energy Balances:
Department of Minerals &
Energy (DME)
Wind, solar, natural gas liquid, natural gas, and coal (except imports).
Oil companies
Electricity used in petrochemical industry and by oil refineries.
South African Coal and
Oil (Sasol)
Petroleum products from non-crude sources and gas works.
Electricity Supply
Commission (Eskom)
Electricity production and consumption (excluding electricity produced by
municipalities)
National Energy
Regulator of South Africa
(NERSA)
Electricity exports, imports and own use, pumped storage, distribution
losses, output from public plants and auto-producing plants, electricity
production and consumption
South African Revenue
Services (SARS)
Imports and exports of oil and coal.
Mittal Steel
Imports of coking coal, production and consumption of blast furnace gas
from iron and steel.
South African Petroleum
Industry Association
(SAPIA)
Oil consumption or sales data by sector.
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Data quality assurance &
dissemination
In order for the Energy Balance and Energy Account to be useful as a
reliable information source, quality checks need to be done and the
integrity of data need to be verified. This is currently done manually.
The Energy Account is currently only published as a
discussion document, pending the formalizing of the
institutional arrangements between the Department of
Minerals and Energy and Statistics South Africa.
Statistics South Africa is also entering into a legal
framework with Department of Environmental Affairs and
Tourism for future work on environmental statistics,
including the development of the Emissions Account.
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Uses of energy accounts /
statistics
The main energy resources in the South African economy are coal, oil, gas, nuclear
power, hydropower and renewable sources such as wind, solar energy, bio-mass and
wave power.
The significance of the energy accounts are that they are of considerable interest in
their own right, especially for countries heavily involved in oil mining and processing.
Also, every economy in the world depends on the availability of oil and other energy
sources. The use of energy is critical to the economy, because almost all economic
activities are connected either directly or indirectly to the consumption of energy.
The environmental accounts, specifically in the case of energy accounts, are crucial in a
sense that they reflect how significant our environment is in the economy. In South
Africa, energy is sourced mainly from coal. The supply and use (in physical units) of
energy should be reflected in a way that is understandable from its raw production to
the residuals. Energy accounts provide information about the levels of direct energy
consumption of industries regarding their production processes and private households.
These accounts can also provide information on changes in the energy requirements of
particular industries in relation to their output. This shows the macro level impacts of
new technologies, and eco-efficiency measures and behavioural changes. They are also
an indispensable prerequisite for reliable estimates of air emissions related to energy
consumption. The accounts are currently not official, there are some institutional
arrangements that need to be formalised with partners in the energy sector to achieve
this.
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Uses of energy accounts /
statistics
Energy statistics and Energy Accounts could provide useful
information in planning and scenario planning. Questions
such as these could be answered:
•
What are the levels of energy consumption in South Africa?
•
What are the levels of energy input (both direct and indirect) into the
various categories of final demand (private household consumption,
exports, etc.)?
•
What is the energy intensity of particular industries taking into account
both direct and indirect energy inputs?
•
For future predictions and scenarios, what are the changes expected in
the energy requirements of particular industries in relation to their
output?
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Uses of energy accounts /
statistics
In mid-January 2008, nationwide power outages occurred and lasted
approximately four weeks. The economic costs of the outages are estimated
to range in the hundreds of millions with approximately half representing
mining losses. Although the cost of electricity in South Africa is among the
worlds lowest, the country's strong economic growth, rapid industrialization
and a mass electrification program has led to demand for power outstripping
supply .
In January 2008, the DME and Eskom released a new policy document:
National response to South Africa's electricity shortage. The plan includes
work on the country's electricity distribution structure and the fast-tracking
of electricity projects by independent power producers. It also involves
electricity co-generation projects between Eskom and private industry.
There are significant projects and initiatives ongoing to expand South Africa’s
electricity infrastructure, reducing demand by pricing electricity correctly, as
well as promoting energy efficiency and deterring energy inefficiency.
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Uses of energy accounts /
statistics
Thank you for
the
opportunity to
present!
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