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The Russian Revolution From Tsar Nicholas II to V.I. Lenin Tsar Nicholas II-1894 • Shy, quiet man • absolute ruler, naïve to dissatisfaction • Tsarina: Alexandra • drive to industrialize brought problems • Dissent NOT tolerated Many questioned the Tsar • Russia politically unstable Liberals wanted a democratic gov’t Minorities wanted independence Peasants wanted land, workers - better conditions Military lost RussoJapanese war in 1904 Bloody SundayJan. 22, 1905 • Father Gapon leads peaceful protest Winter Palace • Tsar’s guards kill hundreds 1905 Revolution • News of Bloody Sunday spreads quickly • Revolts and strikes spread • Widespread spontaneous nature of rebellion reflects deep resentment and frustration October Manifesto- 1905 Freedom of conscience, speech assembly and press Tsar creates Duma (Congress) All laws approved by Duma Reforms are shortlived Russia in WWI- 1914-17 Russia honors alliancejoins Allies Tsar Nicholas II takes personal command of army Army suffers staggering defeats Discontent of soldiers, peasants, workers Rasputin’s infuence1914-1916 Tsar’s son, Alexi (heir)born with hemophilia Romanov’s heavily influenced by “holy man” Created scandal for the Tsar Killed by Russian nobles “February Revolution” Provisional Govt-March 1917 • Women’s march for “bread and peace” turns into revolt Petrograd Soviet leads workers’ revolution Tsar Nicholas II abdicates Duma forms the Provisional Government Provisional Gov’t stays in WWI- big mistake! The Soviets-1917 As early as 1905, radicals organized workers, peasants and soldiers into Soviets= councils In the confusion created by the February Revolution, socialists reconvene the Soviets Lenin’s New View of Karl Marx Lenin adapted Marxist ideas to fit Russian conditions Named his followers Bolsheviks Advocated Revolution! Lenin: “Peace, Land, Bread!”- April 3, 1917 Exiled in 1898 for forming Russia’s first Marxist party Germany gives him safe passage to Russia Bold speeches! Down with the provisional govt Peace, land and bread! All power to the Soviets! Bolshevik RevolutionOct 25,1917 Red Guards= best trained and organized revolutionary forces Red Guards, under Trotsky (Bolshevik), overthrow Provisional Government Lenin proclaims a Bolshevik state! Civil War in Russia1918-1921 Lenin proclaims Russia a socialist state, nationalizes all land Treaty of BrestLitovsk (peace with Germany) Civil War between “Reds” and “Whites” (anti-communists) eventually won by Lenin and the Bolsheviks A Costly Triumph- 1921 WWI: lost 1/4 population; millions of casualties; billions spent Civil war: the loss of millions to death, injury and immigration and the destruction of property 1921: wages 1/10 prewar levels; inflation over 1000% Western nations blockade Russia Lenin concerned new socialist experiment would fail Lenin Builds a Communist State-1921 QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. The Soviet Union • Lenin creates “New Economic Policy” NEP NEP helps jump start economy with small scale –capitalism Central govt kept control of major industries • Communist party introduced measures to bring about a classless society.