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Russian Revolutions (1917) and Civil War, Rule of Stalin to 1941 By: Carl B. and Veronica C. April Theses: April 1917 Were a series of directives issued by the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin of utmost importance, upon his return toPetrograd (Saint Petersburg), Russia from his exile in Switzerland. The Theses were mostly aimed at fellow Bolsheviks in Russia and returning to Russia from exile. He called for soviets (workers' councils) to take power (as seen in the slogan "all power to the soviets"), denounced liberals and social democrats in the Provisional Government, called for Bolsheviks not to cooperate with the government, and called for new communist policies. The April Theses influenced the July Days and October Revolution. July Days: July 1917 The July Days consisted of multiple demonstrations by soldiers and industrial workers against the Russian Provisional Government with leadership provided by the Bolsheviks. It was influenced by the April Theses, but also the anti-war feelings stirred after Russia’s failure against Austro-Hungarian forces. The military was able to counter the demonstrations and afterwards, Lenin went into hiding and the other leaders were arrested. In the end, 700 people were left wounded or killed. The outcome represented a decline in the growth of Bolshevik power. . September 1917 The Bolsheviks take control of Petrograd Soviet. October 1917 The October Revolution: Bolsheviks overthrow the Russian Provisional Government. Cheka founded: December 1917 Was the first of a succession of Soviet state security organizations. It was created by a decree issued in December 1917, by Vladimir Lenin From its founding, the Cheka was an important military and security arm of the Bolshevik communist government. Duma formed a Provisional committee: 1917 Formation of the Petrograd Soviet, and was controlled at first by Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries Russian Civil War: 1918-1921 Was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed to the Soviets, under the domination of the Bolshevik party. Soviet forces first assumed power in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and subsequently gained control throughout Russia. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: March 1918 Was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus) between Russia (the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic) and the Central Powers, headed by Germany, marking Russia's exit from World War I. Trotsky appointed War Commissar: March 1918 Comintern (Communist International): 1919 Was the successor to the group of parties associated with the Left Wing of the Zimmerwald Conventions. First and foremost, of course, was the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) the organization which had seized the reins of the Russian empire in November of 1917 and was in the midst of consolidating its position in a bloody civil war. To a great extent, the establishment of the Comintern was a manifestation of the Russian desire for a final solution to its civil war through world revolution. Representatives of revolutionary parties and trends from around the globe were sought for participation in the new international organization. Treaty of Versailles: 1919 Land taken from Russia was given back, except Latvia, Lithuania & Estonia were made independent- national self-determination. War Communism: 1918-1921 Was the economic and political system that existed in Soviet Russiaduring the Russian Civil War, from 1918 to 1921. The policy was adopted by the Bolsheviks with the aim of keeping towns and the Red Army supplied with weapons and food, in conditions in which all normal economic mechanisms and relations were being destroyed by the war. The Kronstadt Rebellion: March 1921 Was one of many major unsuccessful left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks in the aftermath of the Russian Civil War. Led by Stepan Petrichenko and consisting of Soviet sailors, soldiers and civilians, the rebellion was a major reason for Lenin's and the Communist Parties decision to loosen its control on the Russian economy by implementing the New Economic Policy (NEP). The NEP- New Economic Policy: 1921-1928 Was an economic policy proposed by Vladimir Lenin, who called it state capitalism. Allowing some private ventures, the NEP allowed small animal businesses or smoke shops, for instance, to reopen for private profit while the state continued to control banks, foreign trade, and large industries. Treaty of Rapallo: 1922 -Between USSR & Germany, and was officially an economic treaty -It Brought together two countries excluded from the L of N -Germany extended diplomatic recognition to the USSR and the USSR toward Germany -Both countries cancelled prewar debts and renounced war claims -USSR gave Germany most-favored-nation trade status & trade agreements People’s Republic of Mongolia founded:1924 Was a communist state in Central Asia which existed between 1924 and 1992. It was ruled by the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Partyand remained a loyal Soviet ally throughout its history. First Five Year Plan: 1928-1932 The First Five-Year Plan, of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a list of economic goals that was designed to strengthen the country's economy between 1928 and 1932, making the nation both militarily and industrially selfsufficient. Geneva Conference: 1932 31 Nations attended this meeting, including the USSR and the US. Collectivisation: 1932- 1933 Peasants lose land/ slaughter of animals/ famines Essay Question: Why did the First World War break out in 1914? Thesis Statement: The direct assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, along with long term factors such as the multiple rebellions against national governments in the Great Power countries, treaties and issues between and in the Balkans, and a strong nationalism wave throughout the countries of Europe were all long and short term factors that lead to the first World War. Points in Essay... Event: Austria-Hungary believed Serbia had something to do with their kings death, this led to Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia. July 28,191 Triple Alliance: Italy,Germany and Austria- Hungary. Information: Since Russia had a treaty with Serbia they went to aid them,same thing happened with Germany they helped Austria-Hungary.August 1 Germany declared war on Russia.France had a treaty with Russia and was bound to help out Russia in the war.Italy helped Germany and Austria-Hungary and Japan helped Britain 1914. Event: Germany decided to go through Belgium which went against the Treaty of London of 1839. The United States declared a U.S. policy of absolute neutrality until 1917. Information: Britain went to aid France (she was obligated to defend neutral Belgium by Treaty of London) U.S entered the war because the war was threatening America's commercial shipping which were mostly for Britain and France. Points in Essay... Event: A Secret Franco-Italian Alliance Information: Italy made a treaty with France that they would not aid Germany if they would choose to attack France,that they will be neutral; later Italy teamed up with France,Britain and Russia Event: Russian loss in Battle with Japan Information: This lost battle contributed to the attempted Russian Revolution of 1905,and made Tsar Nicholas II to restore Russia’s prestige. Points of Essay... Event: Balkans Information: Countries fighting over land in the Balkans,led to the Second Balkan War again countries wanted land.Turkey was in war with Italy , over African possessions. Turkey lost and was forced to hand over Libya, Rhodes and the Dodecanese Islands to the Italians. The First Balkan War Turkey concluded peace with the Italians it found itself in war with four small nations over the possession of Balkan territories: Greece, Serbia and Bulgaria and Montenegro. The intervention of the European powers brought about an end to First Balkan War of 1912-13. The Second Balkan War(1913) conflict erupted again in the Balkans, as Bulgaria, unsatisfied fought with its allies in an attempt to control a greater part of Macedonia.Between May and July 1913 Bulgaria's former allies beat back the new Points in Essay... Event: Morroco Crisis Information: In 1905 Kaiser Wilhelm II visited the Moroccan port of Tangier and denounced French influence in Morocco. The move was designed to test the strength of the recent Anglo-French entente. The visit provoked an international crisis, which was resolved in France's favour at the Algeciras Conference, 1906. The result was to bring France and Britain closer together,this led to the Second Moroccan Crisis. This crisis erupted when the Germans sent the gunboat "Panther" to the Moroccan port of Agadir, to protect German citizens there. Germany claimed that the French had ignored the terms of the Algeciras Conference. This provoked a major war scare in Britain until the Germans agreed to leave Morocco to the French in return for rights in the Congo. Many Germans felt that they had been humiliated and that their government had backed down. Points in Essay... events that followed 1914 Information: Technology improved which gave the countries advantages for example the flamethrowers and tanks,also submarines. Each country had treaties and went to aid the countries they had aided. They used all the supplies they could get and if a country ran out they would retreat. recognized. Russia retreated because of the Bolsheviks Revolution, which happened because they wanted to overthrow the king.Russia was in bad condition after war and during this time Russia had civil wars where Trotsky was in charge of the red army. Germany after the war was left with a large war debt and countries did not like them at all. Treaty of Versailles was created and signed by Germany and the other countries, this was the treaty that ended WWI. This treaty harshly blamed Germany,later Russia had a new person in charge Lenin who wanted to to help Russia recover economically and created the NEP. 1924 Lenin died and Stalin came into power, he wanted to spread Communism and to keep power he used brutal methods.