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BELLWORK
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5.
What is McCarthyism?
Who were the Kuomintang?
Who was Mao Zedong?
How was Korea divided?
Which countries supported the different
sides of Korea?
6. How was the UN involved in Korea?
7. THINKER: How could Cuba falling to
communism endanger the US?
Kennedy & Johnson Years
• The 1960’s turned out to be one of the most
culturally and socially chaotic eras in American
history.
• During the tumultuous decade, there were two
American Presidents:
• John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)
• Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)
• We will begin our examination of the 1960’s by
looking at these two presidents and their time in
office.
Election of 1960
• Many people questioned Kennedy’s
experience- youngest president at age 43.
• First televised presidential debate- 70 million
viewers thought that Kennedy won. Radio
listeners Nixon won.
• Kennedy won by the slimmest of margins- won
by 119,000 out of 69 million.
• First Catholic President
• Entered presidency without a strong “mandate”endorsement for his proposals. Made it difficult
to pass any ideas.
Kennedy’s Domestic Programs
• NEW FRONTIER- improve economy, aid the
poor and speed up the space program.
• May 5th 1961- Allan Sheppard, first man to fly
into space
– Caused an increase in spending for defense &
math/science education
• 1961- Housing Act- Increased the federal
minimum wage.
• Created the Peace Corps
• 1962- Steel prices increased- made stock
market fall. JFK proposed tax break to help
economy.
Johnson’s Presidency
• After Kennedy’s
assassination on
November 22, 1963,
Lyndon B. Johnson
becomes the new
president.
• Begins to focus on
domestic issues
The Great Society
• Great Society- series of programs and policies
aimed at helping poverty, education, health care
& conservation.
• Economic Opportunity Act- Head Start &
Vista - preschool programs to help low income
families. Provides health care.
• Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Voting Rights Act of
1965
• Increased the minimum wage & government
spending on education, federally funded health
care, outlawed the immigration quota system
• Johnson won the 1964 election by defeating
Barry Goldwater
Federal spending on Education
Warren Court & Effects of Great
Society
• Warren Court: Supreme Court under Chief
Justice Earl Warren.
• Court ruled religious prayer in school was
unconstitutional, separation of church and
state, and Miranda rule (your rights).
• Criticisms of Great Society: too many tax
cuts, only helping the poor, too much
spending on Vietnam, and too much
power for government.
1960’s Foreign Policy – Bay of Pigs
• Once Fidel Castro became Cuba’s dictator, he
seized property owned by foreign corporations,
including U.S. businesses.
• The U.S. refused to accept him as the leader of
Cuba so Castro developed close ties with the
Soviet Union.
• Kennedy agreed to a CIA plan that involved
training a group of Cubans to invade Cuba and
overthrow Castro.
• The CIA trained these Cubans in Guatemala.
Bay of Pigs
• The Bay of Pigs
invasion took place on
April 17, 1961.
• An airstrike failed to
destroy Cuba’s air force
and Cuban troops
proved to be a strong
match against the 1,500
U.S. invaders.
• The invasion was a total
disaster and eventually
Kennedy accepted
defeat.
1960’s Foreign Policy – The Cuban
Missile Crisis
• The Cuban Missile Crisis: standoff
between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
that brought the superpowers to the verge
of nuclear war.
• In October of 1962, an American spy
plane revealed that Soviets were building
missile bases on Cuban soil.
• Kennedy felt these missiles presented a
direct challenge to U.S. security.
The Cuban Missile Crisis
• Eight days later, President Kennedy
put the U.S. forces on alert.
• He ordered a naval “quarantine,”
which called for ships to surround
Cuba and stop any Soviet ships that
approached the island.
• Khrushchev called Soviet ships back
and avoided disaster.
The Cuban Missile Crisis
• Look at the map on page 592 and be ready to
answer the following questions:
• Where were the majority of Soviet missile
bases located? Why is this problematic?
• Why would the Soviets want a military
presence in Cuba?
• How could the crisis have escalated to a
nuclear war?
• Why do you think this was such a hard
decision for President Kennedy to make?
The Cuban Missile Crisis
• The crisis ended when Khrushchev
promised to remove the missiles from
Cuba if the U.S. would end quarantine and
stay out of Cuba. Also, he demanded that
the U.S. remove its missiles from Turkey.
• The Cuban Missile Crisis led to a number
of efforts to reduce the risk of nuclear war.
• Limited Test Ban Treaty: banned nuclear
testing above ground to eliminate
radioactive poisoning.
Closure
• Turn to your neighbor and explain to them:
• What did the presidencies of Johnson and Kennedy
have in common? How were they different?
• What was the goal of the Bay of Pigs? What was the
outcome of this invasion?
• What was the Cuban Missile Crisis? How did the U.S.
respond? What it successful?
• THINKER: Based on 1960 U.S. foreign policy and
your knowledge of the Cold War, what can you infer
about the Soviet Union’s foreign policy goals?